The Lexical Approach in Language Teaching

In language teaching, a set of principles based on the observation that an understanding of words and word combinations (chunks) is the primary method of learning a language. The idea is that, rather than have students memorize lists of vocabulary, they would learn commonly used phrases.   The term lexical approach was introduced in 1993 by Michael Lewis, who observed that language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalised grammar (The Lexical Approach, 1993). The lexical approach is not a single, clearly defined method of language instruction. Its a commonly used term thats poorly understood by most. Studies of literature on the subject often show that its used in contradictory ways. It is largely based on the assumption that certain words will elicit a response with a specific set of words. Students would be able to learn which words are connected in this way. Students are expected to learn the grammar of languages based on recognizing patterns in words.  Ã‚   Examples and Observations The Lexical Approach implies a decreased role for sentence grammar, at least until post-intermediate levels. In contrast, it involves an increased role for word grammar (collocation and cognates) and text grammar (suprasentential features).(Michael Lewis, The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward. Language Teaching Publications, 1993) Methodological Implications The methodological implications of [Michael Lewiss]  Lexical Approach (1993, pp. 194-195) are as follows: - Early emphasis on receptive skills, especially listening, is essential.- De-contextualized vocabulary learning is a fully legitimate strategy.- The role of grammar as a receptive skill must be recognized.- The importance of contrast in language awareness must be recognized.- Teachers should employ extensive, comprehensible language for receptive purposes.- Extensive writing should be delayed as long as possible.- Nonlinear recording formats (e.g., mind maps, word trees) are intrinsic to the Lexical Approach.- Reformulation should be the natural response to student error.- Teachers should always react primarily to the content of student language.- Pedagogical chunking should be a frequent classroom activity. (James Coady, L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: A Synthesis of the Research. Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Rationale for Pedagogy, ed. by James Coady and Thomas Huckin. Cambridge University Press, 1997) Limitations While the lexical approach can be a quick way for students to pick up phrases, it doesnt foster much creativity. It can have the negative side effect of limiting peoples responses to safe fixed phrases. Because they dont have to build responses, they dont need to learn the intricacies of language.   Adult language knowledge consists of a continuum of linguistic constructions of different levels of complexity and abstraction. Constructions can comprise concrete and particular items (as in words and idioms), more abstract classes of items (as in word classes and abstract constructions), or complex combinations of concrete and abstract pieces of language (as mixed constructions). Consequently, no rigid separation is postulated to exist between lexis and grammar.(Nick C. Ellis, The Emergence of Language As a Complex Adaptive System. The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ed. by James Simpson. Routledge, 2011)

Early Intensive Behavior Intervention ( Eibi ) Based On...

Early Intensive Behaviour Intervention (EIBI) based on Applied Behaviour Analysis principles. EIBI is considered to be an effective intervention for young children with autism (Eikeseth, 2009; Eldevik et al., 2009; Eldevik, Hastings, Jahr, and Hughes, 2012; Grindle et al., 2012; Grindle, Kovshoff, Hastings, Remington, 2009; Lovaas et al., 1987; Perry et al., 2008; Reichow, Barton, Boyd and Hume, 2012). Positive analytic procedures based on Applied Behaviour Analysis principles are used in EIBI to establish social behaviour significantly, eliminate undesired behaviour, and also improve quality of life (Eikeseth, Smith, Jahr, Eldevik, 2002). Lovaas et al. (1987) provided early evidence to support the use of EIBI. The researchers delivered intensive behavioural treatment for a group of children with autism who were younger than four-years-old. This study found that 19 children in the experimental group who received a home-based EIBI programme more than 40 hours per week showed a significant improvement in both IQ and educational functioning that was higher than children in the control group who received 10 hours or less one-to-one treatment per week. Moreover, children in the experimental group have successful performance in schools. Many other studies have replicated and followed up Lovaas’s findings that children who receive EIBI make more progress and improve IQ scores, adaptive behaviour, personality functioning, and language when compare with children who receiveShow MoreRelatedTeaching New Skills For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder989 Words   |  4 PagesIntensive Behavioural Intervention What is Intensive Behavioural Intervention Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI) is an evidenced based and effective approach to understanding and changing behavior, and teaching new skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. IBI uses Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) techniques to improve behaviour where there are impairments in socialization and communication. IBI can be used to teach academic and life skills, to change behavior, and to improveRead MoreSocial And Emotional Difficulties Of Autism Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pageswithin ASD. Children with this often have superior intellectual abilities, but show an unusual thinking and behavioral process (Cohler Weiner, 2011). Attwood noted that most often these characteristics included â€Å"unusual language, perserverative behavior, particular personal preoccupations and, often, uncoordinated or clumsy movements† (as cited in Cohler Weiner, 2011, p. 208). They will often see themselves as being different, but not really understanding why they are different. Most AS patientsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )2826 Words   |  12 Pagesmain diagnosis of ASD in the DSM 5. There are multiple levels of ASD that can be characterized by different degrees of severity involving verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive behaviors, and difficulties in social interactions. As stated in the DSM 5, autism shows defects in nonverbal communicative behaviors that are used in social interactions, such as abnormalities in eye contact and understanding the use of gestures. Total lack of facial expression is not uncommon. In the current studyRead MoreBehavior Analysis Intervention for Austic Children Essay2665 Words   |  11 Pagesof frontal-parietal. Applied Behavioral Analysis is one of the most widely used interventions working with children that have autism. ABA intervention is bases of the behavioral therapy that was introduced by B.F.Skinner, a spokesperson for behavior, who had a high interest in the concept of reinforce ment. Behavior therapy is used for treating many psychological disorders among various patients. Therapists that utilize behavior therapy approach concentrate on observable behavior, learn present causesRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1948 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment is outside of the norm. ASD is a complex disorder and each individual that suffers from has a unique set of conditions. The symptoms of individuals with ASD vary in severity. That is, the disorder is characterized, in varying degrees, based on how difficult social interactions and communicating are for the person. Before, all types of autism were considered as distinct and subtypes of autism. Each type of autism was termed as a unique disorder. For example, there was Childhood Disintegrative

Examine the different ways Fitzgerald represents men’s...

Plan for English essay- 1500 words (375 words per paragraph) -underline every time title is used. POINT 1: Women are treated like objects TS: Fitzgerald uses many different techniques throughout the novel to show that women are a product of their men and are objectified by society. QUOTES: - Tom buys Daisy the pearl necklace before their wedding â€Å"he gave her a string of pearls valued at three hundred and fifty thousand dollars† and Myrtle a dog leash â€Å"a small, expensive dog-leash, made of leather and braided silver.† - Tom buys Myrtle a dog (a dog is a mans servant) â€Å"here’s your money. Go and buy 10 more dogs with it†, shows worthlessness of the dogs to Tom (relevance to Myrtle). (Other viewpoint) Giacomo and Michael â€Å"On the†¦show more content†¦- Tom doesn’t believe Jordan is capable of looking after herself â€Å"Nick’s going to look after her, aren’t you Nick?† - Nick says never trust a woman â€Å"dishonesty in a woman is something you can never blame too deeply.†- You should expect women to lie, they don’t know any better. - Nick implies Myrtle’s personality changes because of her appearance change- she can’t think for herself and needs the clothing â€Å"with the influence of the dress her personality had undergone a change†. -Tom believes Daisy can’t make her own mind up â€Å"sometimes she gets foolish ideas in her head and doesn’t know what she’s doing† TCIRT: - â€Å"if theyre sort of stupid, you fall half in love with them† presumes girls are stupid. - â€Å"I spent the whole night necking with a terrible phony named Anne Louise Sherman.† CONTEXT: Fitzgerald’s personal view of women, quote â€Å"Women are so weak, really – emotionally unstable – and their nerves, when strained, break . . . this is a man’s world.† POINT 3: Men take advantage of and use women, however women accept it. TS: In the novel, there is a strong correlation between men romanticizing their woman, and men using and taking advantage of their women. This is shown through various factors. QUOTES: - Daisy knows that Tom is having

The Glass Menagerie, Their Eyes Were Watching God, And My...

In the books Candide, The Glass Menagerie, Their Eyes were Watching God, and My Name is Asher Lev written by Voltaire, Tennessee Williams, Zora Neale Hurston, and Chaim Potok, they are all discernibly different stories, yet they all appear to share the common theme of perseverance in varying degrees to find that happiness is not always awaiting them. I have found that the various symbolic language combined with each author’s different style of writing not only makes each story unique, but they also affect each reader’s perceptions. When I had finished reading each book once, each story appeared to have such contrasting meanings. For example, Candide initially gave me the impression that his innocence dwindles consistently as he experiences countless people who have suffered outrageous hardships, deceptions, and the people who dole out these miseries. The Glass Menagerie was a bit complex to understand because I was not accustomed to reading books in play format, but I thought that it was trying to establish the mother’s relationship with her children. I could relate to this due to the fact that being a teenager along with my brother, we have disagreements on almost everything and what mothers may want best for their children. Also, Amanda -- mother to Laura and Tom -- tries her best to instill values she thinks is essential in Laura’s gentleman caller and Tom due to her horrid experience with her husband who â€Å"gave up his job with the telephone company and skippedShow MoreRelatedEssay P rompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the Screw Major Barbara Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf 2004 (Form B): The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in whichRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - John Smith, founder of Jamestown, Virginia; Pocahontas - John Winthrop, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity†: â€Å"†¦ We shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1630-50, pub. 1856) - Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672), The Tenth Muse (1650), the first volume of poems published by a resident of the New World - Edward Taylor (1642-Read Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesBanquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France—1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968), 248. â€Å"Humor is, in fact, a prelude to faith; and laughter is the beginning of prayer. . . . The saintliest men frequently have a humorous glint in their eyes. They retain the capacity to laugh at both themselves and at others. . . . To meet the disappointments and frustrations of life, the irrationalities and contingencies with laughter, is a high form of wisdom.† Reinhold Niebuhr, â€Å"Humour and Faith,†

The Hidden Truth Regarding Outline Example for Research Paper Exposed by an Old Pro

The Hidden Truth Regarding Outline Example for Research Paper Exposed by an Old Pro Ruthless Outline Example for Research Paper Strategies Exploited After you have completed your outline, you've done almost all of the tough work. For a quick paper, of a few thousand words or less, an outline may not be vital. It will be a reminder for you to include all the necessary subtleties in it. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in virtually no time. The Secret to Outline Example for Research Paper In terms of the outline of a research paper, there's nothing complicated here. If you would like to compose a research paper on leadership, you will need to be sure that you get a good outline from which to base all your writing. The research paper outline will help to clarify the topic of the research paper, guide the subject matter to keep on course, and helps to begin the writing of the true research paper. The outlin e of your customized research paper will reflect upon your research so make certain that it provides a reasonable idea about what your paper will discuss. A systematic approach will definitely assist you to think of a brilliant research paper. Regardless of what research paper outline you're considering, you will want to consider how your research is going to be backed up. Try to remember it is an outline of your primary paper therefore it will cover all the essential facets of your paper. For a lengthier paper, it is vital, or you will end up overwhelmed by the sheer quantity of information that you must assimilate, and write down. Therefore it's as essential as you main paper so that you cannot take it for granted. The paper ought to be consistent from the start to the very end. Nevertheless, you should keep in mind that the information readily available in the headings has to be divided reasonably into sub-headings. Additionally, among the important purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the relation between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. Each item in an outline may be broken into additional sub-items. An alphanumeric outline contains a prefix at the start of each topic for a reference aid. The very first thing you ought to do is to produce an outline for your paper. The main issue is to give a crystal clear definiti on. The following could act as the ideal outline to flesh out to create a fantastic instance of a research paper, depending on the topic in the introduction. Outline Example for Research Paper Options Ensure your paper doesn't contain any mistakes and includes a proper writing style. Consult with your outline as you compose each part of your paper, minimizing the stress frequently associated with writing a significant paper. A research paper outline, though, will additionally have a hypothesis or thesis as a portion of the introduction. Employing an outline template can assist the student organize the paper and eliminate the ideas that aren't related to the aim of the essay. The 30-Second Trick for Outline Example for Research Paper Writing an outline is a rather effective method to think through how you are going to organize and present the info in your essay. Crafting a good research essay it is of utmost importance because it performs two significant functions. An outli ne will help to specify the way a student will build other crucial sections including Literature Review. Needless to say, your outline needs to have a topic in addition to your essay (or research paper). Outlining the sections right at the start of writing research paper can help you to keep up an appropriate structure for the whole write up. You should begin with the thesis of the paper, and thus do not begin using subheadings. Making an APA outline is the very first point to do in developing a structure on what's going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. Our research paper outline templates can help you save plenty of time and money. Don't forget that the chief goal of the research paper is to clearly show your abilities to work on your own and demonstrate the scope of your knowledge on several different topics. Research Paper preparation means handling a great deal of information. A research paper on-line template is among the practical tool for writing a research topic. Excellent research paper's examples almost always concentrate on novel suggestions to address which will be of value in the area. Outline Example for Research Paper Ideas Outline could possibly be final or draft. Completing an MLA outline will guarantee your research paper format is accurate.

Petroleum and Shell free essay sample

Abstract Shell Oil is a global company in the oil industry. This long established company has withstood the test of time in this competitive market. Management practices have established the resources necessary to overcome the obstacles of a global company. This detailed analysis of Shell Oil focuses on management in order to provide an understanding of how the company is able to succeed. The organizational analysis provides insight into Shell’s goals, culture, and resources. An example of a specific problem that Shell faced, oil spills in Nigeria, continues off of the company analysis. Nigeria is a major extraction location for shell, but sabotage and oil leaks grew to be a major concern. Shell faced court cases in search of relief in Nigeria, but the majority of the oil leaks were a result of sabotage; therefore, shell was not responsible. However, people believed that it was shell’s responsibility to safeguard the oil lines and prevent sabotage in the first place. Shell funded the cleanup of previous oil spill sites along with a major advertising campaign to avoid a negative impact on its business. Some people still believe that Shell should be taking more responsibility for the oil spill crisis in Nigeria. Shell Company Analysis Oil is a resource that has been in great demand since the production of combustion engines, as well as other industrial machines. Royal Dutch Shell, commonly referred to as Shell, has been a dominant force in the oil industry for over 100 years. Shell management has enabled success and allowed the company to overcome any obstacles. An in-depth analysis of Royal Dutch Shell’s management techniques provides information on how it can conquer the challenges of change. A recent challenge that Shell faced in Nigeria indicates that Shell has the necessary resources to prevail. Shell continues to be a driving force in the oil industry from the business aspect, but just how prosperous is this global company. A man named Marcus Samuel founded an antique business in London. Seashells were among the products that he sold, which is how Shell acquired its name. Marcus grew fond of the oil exportation business during a trip to Japan. Before the invention of the combustion engine, oil was merely used for lighting and lubricating small components. Marcus and his brother Sam transformed the oil transportation industry with their company, Shell Transport. Expanding the business lead to a merger with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907. Royal Dutch Shell rapidly expanded production throughout the world, included places like Russia, Romania, Venezuela, Mexico and the United States. Today, Royal Dutch Shell operates in more than 70 countries. Shell is able to produce 3. 3 million barrels of oil in a single day generating $467. 2 billion dollars revenue annually. Organizational Overview: Shell Corporation has a website that addresses all the publicly known information about the organizational operations in the United States and throughout the global economy. The Shell website does not specify a specific mission statement. According to Mission Statement (2013), â€Å"The mission statement should be a clear and succinct representation of the enterprises purpose for existence. † While Shell. com does not specifically list anything labeled as a mission statement, it does identify a purpose to the organization. The corporate website under Our Purpose (n. d. ) states: The objectives of the Shell group are to engage efficiently, responsibly and profitably in oil, oil products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the world’s growing demand for energy. The planning methodologies utilized by Royal Dutch Shell include: a vision, the mission, the strategy, the goals/tactics, and metrics (â€Å"Strategic Planning,† 2009). The vision leads to the mission. The mission in turn enables the creation of the strategy. Strategy gives a guideline for the goals/tactics and metrics. The vision is to provide for the future energy needs of the people while preserving the environmental health of the planet (Shell. com). The mission, or purpose, is identified and explained in the above paragraph. Shell states that their strategy is innovative and competitive. As recently as 13 January 2013, Shell released its strategy as innovative and competitive to the news and media. Shell CEO directly states, â€Å"Shell is competitive and innovative. We are delivering a strategy that others can’t easily repeat, with unique skills in technology and integration and a worldwide set of opportunities for new investment† (â€Å"Shell Delivering,† 2013). Robbins and Couter (2012) define competitive strategy as, â€Å"an organizational strategy for how an organization will compete in its business (es)† (p. 231) and innovative strategy, â€Å"aren’t necessarily focused on just radical, breakthrough products. They can include applying existing technology to new uses† (p. 238). Shell is not new to using both these strategies to survive the challenges with the very competitive oil market. Arie de Geus (1988) was head of planning for the Royal Dutch/Shell Group companies and employed with corporation for 30 plus years; identifies that out of survival for the Shell Transport and Trading Company in 1907 to compete with the Rockefeller’s Standard Oil it had to join with Royal Dutch Petroleum. This innovative idea of joining the two companies allowed the company the ability to continue to compete competitively and still going strong more than 100 years later. The customers of Shell are those people that purchase or use the products produced or shop the store locations around the world. Shareholders are those that have investments or hold shares in the corporation and either profit or lose from the businesses operations. The competitors to Shell are other major oil companies; this includes companies such as BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and many more throughout the globe competing for the oil market. Stakeholders are a much broader range of people or groups. All activities of the corporation that influence or affect those in or around it can be considered a stakeholder. The employees, shareholders, and competitors are all affected by the happenings and success of the company. The people and communities that surround where Shell is drilling for oil are also stakeholders due to the effects of the drilling and possible oil spills. Also any company that supplies or deals with is a stakeholder according to their interactions and future depend on the businesses activities. Shell’s website, under the frequently asked questions tab, states, â€Å"Our stakeholders include local and national environmental groups; Fisherman’s Associations; key government agencies; National and Local Government; Unions; Industry Bodies and Academics. We have a large database of over 100 stakeholders who are included in our engagement. † Organization: A formal structure as organized by a chart on cogmap. com (2012) shows that the Royal Dutch Shell Corporation is organized in functional departments as well as geographical departments. The geographical design is necessary because Shell has operational locations throughout the world. McDermott (2001) suggest that when groups have common interests, insight, experiences, and tools tend to form an informal structure out of common interest. McDermott (2001) states: Shell Oil Co. ’s New Orleans operation, which is organized into cross-functional teams, formed them around key disciplines and topics that cross individual teams. Communities of practice have always been part of the informal structure of organizations. They form spontaneously as people seek help, try to solve problems, develop new ideas and approaches. Specific information regarding the decision-making process of the Shell Corporation was not able to be found through their web page, searches in scholarly articles, or be means of searching the Internet. Organization manages change: Considering the Shell business has been around for more than hundred years, it does not seem that they have too much of a problem with making changes to adjust to the needs of the people and the flows of the economy. The main way that the organization has been dealing with change or expecting change is through the use of scenarios. A statement made on Shell. com addresses that: Scenarios consider a range of plausible futures and how these could emerge from the realities of today†¦Our scenarios team considers changes such as in the global economic environment, geopolitics, resource stresses such as water, greenhouse gases, and energy supply and demand to help business leaders make better decisions. † De Geus (1998) backs this statement up with his over 30 years of personal work experience with the company. The initial use of scenarios helped identify that the company was no longer optimizing or highly integrated and new management methods were necessary for the survival of the corporation. Leadership, Motivational Environment, and Communications: No specific leadership style was identified or found on the Shell’s website but an interview with the CEO does describe how he views leaders. Peter Gumbel (2009) writes that Voser states, â€Å"Leaders should have vision and conviction. Leaders should set targets. Leaders should develop people. Leaders should be willing to take risks and be themselves. In a job like mine you must have all these qualities. † He also encourages getting the best out of every team member, foster accountability, and â€Å"empower people and foster localized entrepreneurialism† (Gumbel, 2009). According to Robbins and Couter (2012), â€Å"strong cultures- Organizational cultures in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared† (p. 53). The Shell website defiantly gives off a strong sense of organizational culture. It contains information pertaining to the history of the company, up and coming projects, the company’s stated values and code of conduct, a call help line just for employees and stakeholder to inquire about concerns and possible wrong doings. Gumbel(2012) wrote in his article that when Voser took over as CEO he sent out a, â€Å"memo announcing some important organizational changes and the need for a strong performance culture at Shell. † An article called Balancing stakeholders needs: A Shell case study (n. d. ) addresses the motivational outcome of Shell’s employees: As stakeholders, employees are influenced by Shell but also affect how Shell operates. The employees standard of work and commitment to health and safety and excellence is vital in order to keep Shell as a leader in the energy field. Mistakes can be costly in terms of reputation and the livelihood of other employees. A priority at Shell is to respect people. It seeks to provide its staff with good and safe working conditions and competitive terms of employment. This has a positive influence on employees as it keeps them safe and motivated. Shell utilizes all aspects of communication with its organization. Formal communication is used in regular business actions such as meetings. Their use of informal communication through their web site gives more opportunity for people to assess the company. The website is user friendly for employees, shareholders, stakeholders, and anyone with Internet access. There are numbers for help lines specifically for employees with questions, comments, or concerns; as well as for customers that may need help. â€Å"Ongoing communication and dialogue with all of these groups is essential. In this way it is possible to take account of everyone’s needs and expectations in making decisions for today and the future,† (Balancing Stakeholders Needs, n. d. ). Processes for Control: Shell has control methods established for determining if company goals are being met or not, whether the goals are financial or operational. Shell’s website labels its financial control as Shell Financial: At Shell Finance, we provide a range of professional services, advice and products to Shell companies globally. Our support covers everything from Management and Financial Accounting, Consultancy and Business Controls to Mergers Acquisitions, Insurance and Treasury options (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). Shell. com also identifies its operational control as the Health, Safety, Security, the Environment (HSSE) Social Performance (SP). These controls outline the best possible methods during all the operational processes including health, personal safety, process safety, social performance, transport, etc. Innovative Managerial Practices: Shell corporation is subdivided into three categories: Upstream, Downstream, and Projects and Technologies. While Upstream consists of extracting oil around the globe and Downstream consists of creating finished products, Products and Technologies is able to drive innovation in both Upstream and Downstream operations: Our Projects and Technology organization provides technical services and technology capability in upstream and downstream activities. It manages the delivery of major projects and helps to improve performance across the company. We deliver differentiated technical information technology for Shell and drive research and innovation to create tomorrow’s technology solutions. Projects and Technology also houses Safety Environment and Contracting Procurement, as these are integral to all our activities (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). A Problem: In Nigeria, oil is readily available and Shell takes advantage of this source of income. According to Jolly and Reed (2013), Nigeria accounts for twelve percent of Shell’s source of oil and fuel, Shell’s largest source. However, oil spills have been a reoccurring problem throughout the Niger Delta. According to Sergi (2012), â€Å"Oil pollution has transformed the Niger Delta into one of the dirtiest places on earth,† which is no understatement. Duffield (2010) states that there were more than 7,000 spills between 1970 and 2000. Environmentalists believe spills large and small happen at a rate of 300 every year. † Local activists started to pressure Shell towards reducing oil spills while mediating previous spills following a major leak in 2009. Sergi (2012) declares that Shell claimed that 70% of oil spills were a result of sabotage. Under these circumstances, Shell is not responsible for cleanup. However, Shell managers should be taking the necessary measures to prevent sabotage. Whether the oil leaks are a result of pipes breaking or thieves who open lines and steal oil, Shell has to be held partly responsible. Shell’s Solution: Shells solution consists of two components to oil leaks in Nigeria: remediation, and advertisement. It is important to understand that these solutions did not fix the actual problem of oil leaked throughout the Niger Delta. Shells model of the solution seems to be much different than the activists’ model, which is that very little was fixed. Oil spills still continue and people remain uncompensated for the negligence of Shell’s operations. Following the major oil spills in 2008 and 2009, Shell was forced to initiate cleanup. This is the remediation component of Shell’s solution. Shell’s Upstream branch focuses on the operations of extracting oil, and everything else that pertains. Cleanup of previous sites also falls under this category. Shell. com declares, â€Å"The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited is committed to minimizing oil spills to the environment and to cleaning up all spills in the Niger Delta when they occur, as fast as possible, no matter what their cause (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). † However, Vidal (2012) reports that very little cleanup has been done despite four years that Shell has been responsible: Shell said it had started pilot cleanup schemes in five affected areas, but claimed it had been refused access to several other polluted sites. It said good progress had been made; adding that the vast majority of oil spilt in the Bodo area was the result of criminal activity including theft, sabotage and illegal oil refining by villagers. The impoverished Ogoni fishing and farming communities say they still cannot return to work and have received no compensation. They have accused Shell of applying different standards to clean-ups in Nigeria compared with the rest of the world. Unfortunately, claiming responsibility and taking little remediation action does not help publicity for Shell. Yes, cleanup is costly and avoiding this financial burden is why Shell remains a financial leader in the oil industry. In May 2010, Shell introduced an international advertising campaign. According to Bush (2010): The effort touts the dawn of a future that will be powered by new and multiple energy sources and cleaner fossil fuels that Shell is unlocking. It also expresses the notion the world will soon be on the road to sustainable mobility and that Shell is ready to help tackle the challenges of the new energy future. Ms. Singer would not disclose the cost of the campaign but said it would keep the companys ad spending in line with 2009. It is important to understand the stakes in the global oil industry during this time. British Petroleum (BP) just received negative public feedback for the significant oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Perhaps Shell wanted to promote the intentions of an environmentally friendly company while BP was under criticism. People around the world would be able to see Shell as the good â€Å"green† company. Attention of consumers would be swayed from the spills in Nigeria while BP was caught by the world for its major oil spill. With reference to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (n. d. ), the price of stocks for Shell can be used as evidence for how successful Shell has been throughout the process. In 2009, stock prices were at a low of $46. 82 per share, the time that Shell admitted responsibility for the two oil spills in Nigeria. Just before the advertisement campaign, stocks showed a slight rise from 2009, at $50. 01 in early 2010. The proof that the advertisement campaign worked is evident immediately after, when stocks rose to $74. 13. Interestingly enough, Shell invested very little into the cleanup of the oil spills in Nigeria, but still managed to promote enough business to grow. Although the current stock price remains approximately $15 less than before the oil spills, Shell has bounced back from the plummet. Shell has been a global dominance in the oil industry since its early form in 1907. Marcus Samuel established Shell Transportation, and with the help of Royal Dutch Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell became a leader in oil production. Strong organizational culture and innovative management help drive the company forward, even through conflicts. Nigeria posed a threat to Shell as it faced an oil spill crisis. Shell asserts that they are not at fault for the majority of oil spills, as thieves sabotage their lines. Nigeria is home to Shell’s biggest extraction of oil, yet Nigeria’s environment suffers drastically. Activists who fought Shell over the devastation won a case in 2009, which dropped stock prices down almost 50%. Shell agreed to claim responsibility and initiate remediation on spill sites, but efforts were limited. During the British Petroleum oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Shell launched a global advertising campaign that promoted sustainability. Despite the lack of cleanup in Nigeria, the world bought into Shell’s green campaign and business rose immediately. Shell may not be the most environmentally responsible company, but business is good.

Death hurrific Essay Example For Students

Death hurrific Essay You mustnt try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. Shiela. Shiela knows that the inspector will find out anything that he wants to know. She realises that even if the inspector is not real it doesnt mean that the things that happened to Eva Smith were not wrong: So nothing really happened. So theres nothing to be sorry for, nothing to learn. Shiela. The audience would like Shiela because she changes at the end for the better and learns something, which means that the audience would support her views. Eric is the same as Shiela, the whole experience teaches him a lesson. At the beginning of the play he is seen as a spoilt, imature young man. When the inspector reveals his part in the suicide of Eva Smith he is very sorry: My God Im not likely to forget. Eric. Eric met Eva Smith at the Palace Bar, a place where the women of the town were. Eric offered to take Eva home where he then forced his way into her house and made love to her. He said he did this because he was drunk. Eric made love to Eva a few more times before she told him that she might be pregnant. Eric offered to give her money but she soon found out that it was stolen from his fathers business so she refused to take any more. The audience has sympathy for Eric because he shows remorse for his actions towards Eva Smith. J. B. Priestley would want the audience to like Eric because at the end he supports the views of social responsibility. Throughout the play Eva Smith is never seen, but she is one of the most important characters. She is always portrayed in a possitive light, as a independent, honest, full of integrity, strong, pretty and lively girl. She wasnt pretty when I saw her today, but she had been pretty very pretty. Inspector. The audience would feel very sorry for her after they heard all that she had been through. They would hate the people who had caused her to take her life in such a painful way, especially the people who didnt feel sorry for what they did. The way that Eva took her life shows that she had been a strong girl who could not find any other way of getting out of the mess she was in. The writer, J. B. Priestley deliberately made Evas death hurrific so that the audience would feel sorry for her and it would convey his thoughts of social responisbility. Inspector Goole is the most important character of the whole play. He represents J. B. Priestleys own views and is a very impressive character. He has authority and can get any of the Birlings to confess what they did, Shiela realises this: I knew everything was coming out it was simply bound to come out tonight Shiela. The inspector gives the impression thats he already knows what each member of the family is about to say, he even has authority over Mr Birling: I know hes your son and this is your house but look at him. He needs a drink now just to get him through. Inspector. The inspector portrays the social responsibilities of J. B. Priestley. This means that the audience would respect his views because of the authority he has throughout the play. This was a good way of communicating Priestleys views to the audience. At the begining of the play it seems like a whos done it? play. As the play goes on it becomes clear to the audience that it is not only one member of the family who is involved in the death of Eva Smith. This conveys the message that everyones actions affect other people. .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .postImageUrl , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:hover , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:visited , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:active { border:0!important; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:active , .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee13c6c766053eefd206360d2e6d4d7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts Of The Contact Zone By Pratt EssayThe whole play is set in one room, which means that the action does not move. This means that the audience could focus on the drama and the characters. The room is furnished in posh furniture which contrats with the poverty of Eva Smith: Substantial and heavily comfortable. The lighting on the stage at the beginning of the play is pink, soft and intimate but as each member of the familys actions become clear the lighting becomes harsher, harder and brighter: The lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder. I think that the play An Inspector Calls is a very effective play. J. B. Priestley conveys his views very well and gets the idea of social responsibility across. I did feel sorry for Eva Smith and sympathised for Shiela and Eric because they felt remorse for their actions. Social responsibility still applies to the modern day, we are not classed any more but peoples actions still affect other people. I think that the play might not have exactly the same affect on an audience in the modern day but it would have a similar affect.