Analyse the 2 articles about Amazon, consider how strategy is Case Study

Investigate the 2 articles about Amazon, consider how system is created and actualized from a developing and purposeful perspect - Case Study Example Article 1 basically spins around the work culture of Amazon. The article manages the enrollment, determination and retention procedure of the association. The organization in the wake of setting its office in Rugely, began enrolling in colossal numbers. The organization employed Randstad as its major enlisting office. The employed specialists were known as partners and were held under a preparation time of least three months before they were consumed by the organization. The principle objective behind this system was to locate the top performing impermanent partners for the accessible lasting opportunity. The organization accomplished inventive bit of leeway by following the kaizan way to deal with increment the effectiveness of workforce. Each distribution center was designated with a constant improvement chief whose activity was to search for any sort of obstacle or delay, and tackle them. The organization likewise delegated versatile issue solvers who constantly watched the distri bution center to search for issues hindering the operational procedure and fix them. Amazon began its tasks as an online book retailer. When the organization turned into a conspicuous pioneer in the online book selling classification, it began broadening its tasks into different areas. From article 2, unmistakably item separation and enhancement has given an upper hand to the organization (Ehmke, 2010). The organization has additionally put resources into innovation to stay serious in the market. The results of Amazon are basically straightforward and simple to work, which builds the client inclination. The company’s nonstop interest in new and innovative territories, for example, innovation, distributed computing and so forth., has given a serious edge to the organization. Methodology Development and Implementation A system can be characterized as a degree and bearing for the association, which is beneficial to the association over the long haul, makes the best and most prod uctive utilization of the assets, fulfill the necessities and needs of the market and fulfill the partner desires (Anonymous, 2006). Various techniques are applied in various phases of business, for example, corporate system, business procedure and operational methodology. Amazon is one the unmistakable pioneers in the retail business. Article 1 mirrors the general operational system of the association. An operational technique points in proficient administration of each operational unit of the organization and to effectively use the unmistakable and impalpable assets of the organization to create most extreme benefits (Datta and Roy, 2011). To boost the proficiency of its operational procedures, the organization has applied numerous systems. The enrollment and choice procedure of the organization is severe and thorough. To upgrade the proficiency of workforce and increment the cost-adequacy, the organization follows the technique of enrolling and keeping up the best ability among t he brief occupation positions. Amazon’s effective programming causes laborers to arrive at the objective goal in least time and separation secured. To additionally screen the work stream in the distribution center, kaizan procedure has been applied widely. In kaizan approach each distribution center was named with a persistent improvement director whose activity was to search for any sort of obstacle or delay, and tackle them. The organization likewise selected versatile issue solvers who consistently watched the distribution center to search for issues easing back down the operational proces

Taming Temper Tantrums Essay Example For Students

Restraining Temper Tantrums Essay Fits are an ordinary piece of growing up. Little children arent awful when they are having a fit of rage, they are simply behaving. Practically all youngsters between the ages of one and three have a couple of hissy fits. This fair methods they have at last gotten their very own feeling uniqueness. A hissy fit from time to time doesnt mean anything; there will undoubtedly be a few dissatisfactions. An astonishing number of fits of rage are an aftereffect of exhaustion and hunger, or of placing a kid into a circumstance that surpasses their abilities for adapting. I wish I could give you one surefire approach to help wipe out or eleviate fits of rage, however I cant. Like a large portion of the all the more testing practices of youth, this to will pass. Ive gave a few proposals to help limit fits. Nothing quickens the force of a fit of rage in excess of a stirred up parent. Seeing you lose your cool will just make it progressively hard for your baby to get it together. Shouting over your babies shouts will just urge your little child to shout stronger. A delicate manner of speaking guarantees your little child that you are in charge. Falling back on physical discipline to end a fit is a poorly conceived notion. You would just be rebuffing your youngster for something that they cannot control. You additionally could lose yourself and incur genuine indignation on your youngster. Shield your baby from hazardous environmental factors. Move the youngster who is genuinely crazy to a setting that is more secure for everybody and everything. A few you ngsters can be effortlessly diverted during a fit while others just get progressively annoyed. In the event that your kid can be occupied, have a go at perusing a most loved book or turn on a main tune. Talk at your little children level. It tends to be exceptionally scary to a little youngster to have a greater individual remaining over them while they have lost control of themselves. Sitting on the floor will assist with night out the circumstance, making it simpler to speak with your kid. Frequently the best strategy, is no activity by any means. Keep on continuing on ahead creation a cognizant exertion to disregard the circumstance. In the long run your little child will understand that its simply no amusing to get stirred up when nobody is viewing. Clearly, disregarding a fit of rage is definitely not an attainable alternative while you are in a store or open spot. See beneath for more data on the best way to deal with an open fit of rage. For certain kids, particularly the mor e seasoned ones, a break gives a genuinely necessary chilling period. This will give them the poise that they have to assume responsibility for themselves and the circumstance. As much as we as a whole fear the idea of an open fit (and it happens to potentially anyone!) they will definitely occur at once or another. Here are a few hints on the most proficient method to deal with the circumstance. Stay away from open excursions when your baby is particularly inclined to having a fit of rage. An eager, drained, exhausted or overextended youngster is a catastrophe waiting to happen. Acclaim your kid for good conduct at whatever point you return home from a fit of rage free excursion. While out in broad daylight and you can detect a fit really taking shape, attempt a fast difference in subject. On the off chance that interruption isnt the key, take a stab at moving your baby to an increasingly private spot. Get him immovably, not savagely, and convey him somewhere else. Heading outside or to a washroom should work. On the off chance that your little child is utilized to a break, give her one at this point. Because you are in open doesnt mean you should change your control conduct. On the off chance that you dont finish a similar order as you would in an increasingly private spot this will just urge your kid to get rowdy in open all the more frequently. Your kid ought to be kept on target with immovability, consistency and all the more significantly, love. We will compose a custom exposition on Taming Temper Tantrums explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .postImageUrl , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:visited , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:active { border:0!important; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:active , .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e 256 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uafe6fb7ab90df71fa17b48cde8f0e256:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Advances In Mathematics Essay Request now Sadly a few people really have nothing preferable to do over to examine the child rearing abilities of another. Figure out how to disregard the beaty eyes when you are in this circumstance. This fit is between your baby and youno one else. Focus on the job that needs to be done and keep your cool. Regardless of how enticed you might be, don't yield to your little children requests just to recover some harmony. Doing so will simply take care of and energize the following fit of rage. At the point when the fits of rage over, let it go. On the off chance that your little child figures out how to pull it together rapidly, offer recognition. Dont repeat the fit of rage or talk your kid about it. Numerous little children appreciate being held after a fit, as a consolation of your affection for them. Book reference:

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) Essay

Branch OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) - Essay Example The department’s yearly spending targets assurance of over a hundred thousand adolescents while simultaneously reinforcing families around the region (Working at the Department of Children and Families, 2011). The paper will likewise center at the kind of work done at the division with the representatives who are family focused, kid driven, network centered, quality based, pledge to persistent learning just as being focused on social/decent variety capabilities. The paper will likewise talk about the different national and state strategies that target forestalling abuse of the kids and saving their privileges. The American resident just as experts related with youngster wellbeing accepts that guardians have the duty of mindful and sustaining their kids while shielding them from hurt. Nonetheless, the state might be permitted to intercede in situations where the guardians have neglected to respect their obligations and in instances of misuse. The kids and family division targets guaranteeing that kids flourish and develop in a home domain that is supporting. The methodology at some point regularly involves settling on testing and troublesome choices in which youngsters are expelled from their home condition and put in condition that are increasingly steady. The division can manage various issues that influence kids and their families, for example, surrender, disregard and suspected youngster misuse. Such issues have raised concerns and the specialists have taken measures to prevent them from occurring in the network. The kids and family offices have set up different enactments with the goal of guaranteeing that individuals who speculates maltreatment of kids have an order to report through phone or any mean so the kids might be safeguarded and moved to a superior situation. One of the objectives of the division is to stop disregard and youngster misuse. The division gets various reports of disregard and maltreatment of yo ungsters

A Brief History of Operating Systems free essay sample

A History of Operating Systems To comprehend and to be set up for the fate of PC bolster it assists with knowing the historical backdrop of working frameworks. The working framework is the product that connects the client to the computer’s equipment. Early centralized servers (the ancestor of the PC) didn't utilize a working framework. Projects were stacked onto the centralized computer by paper punch cards, attractive or paper tape. The client would begin the program and trust that the program will finish, or crash. Troubleshooting of the program was frequently done by altering banks of switches. With each new centralized computer delivered, the activity and ease of use would change. There were no guidelines. As early working frameworks were created they were commonly just intended to work on that customer’s explicit unit. With the advancement of mass delivered microchips, PCs become progressively normal and increasingly moderate. With the quantity of PCs sold every year expanding there turned into a requirement for a normalized working framework. We will compose a custom paper test on A Brief History of Operating Systems or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the first place there were numerous organizations battling to create a suitable working framework for the general population. The two most noticeable were Microsoft and Apple. Microsoft’s first passage in the working framework invasion was MS-Dos or Windows 1. 0 out of 1985, an order line working framework that was not the least complex to utilize yet for its time was pretty easy to use. Obviously as figuring power progressed so did Microsoft’s working frameworks. In 1987 Windows 2. 0, at that point in 1990 there was Windows 3. 0, the main OS that had a work area and symbols to begin programs. Now Microsoft started to isolate their working frameworks into home client situated and business arranged. In 1993 Microsoft discharged Windows NT 3. 1, the primary completely 32 piece working framework, it included better systems administration support and the NTFS record framework. NT advanced through 4. 1 then to Windows 2000. These working frameworks were intended for corporate clients and were somewhat progressively vigorous. On the home front in 1995 Windows 95 was presented and it was the primary variant to have the taskbar and the beginning catch. The following variant of the home OS was Windows 98, at that point 98SE followed by Windows ME. The following emphasis of Windows was XP; this rendition of Windows was one of a kind in two or three different ways. XP was the main OS to incorporate initiation, which connected the equipment in the pc where it was introduced to a remarkable ID number. The other thing that made XP remarkable from past variants of windows was that it came in a few adaptations from home use to corporate use. Windows Vista followed Windows XP yet was met with much investigation in light of its absence of help for heritage gadgets and programming and it’s dreary execution. Windows 7 followed rapidly behind and tended to the majority of these inadequacies. There are a few different decisions for working frameworks, albeit none have had the option to keep up a sizeable measure of the piece of the pie because of the similarity and prominence of the working frameworks offered by Microsoft. A portion of different contributions are Mac OS from Apple, UNIX, Linux (an open source OS dependent on Linux), Android and IOS just to give some examples. While the greater part of these don't offer the help and similarity that you would discover in working frameworks from Microsoft, they are rapidly making strides and acknowledgment being used from work area pc’s to handheld gadgets.

Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear Free Essays

string(63) creation of exceptionally respected optics, with a couple changes. Feeling OF SIGHT†¦. The eyes are tangible organs. They keep the cerebrum refreshed with data about is what's going on around the body. We will compose a custom exposition test on Gadget to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Both contain a huge number of minor sensors that send messages along nerves to the mind. Sensors in the eyes react to light and, through the cerebrum, let us see the world. Sensors in the skin react to contact and permits us to feel. * The seeing eye†¦ Light enters the eye through the reasonable cornea. It at that point goes through the understudy and is centered by the focal point around the retina. This slim layer covers the rear of the eye and contains cells that are delicate to light. At the point when light hits the phones, they impart signs to the cerebrum. There, the signs are transformed into pictures so we can see. Telescope†¦ Aâ telescopeâ is an instrument that guides in the perception of remote articles by gathering electromagnetic radiationâ (such asâ visible light). The primary realized viable telescopes were designed in the Netherlands at the start of the seventeenth century, utilizing glass focal points. They discovered use in earthly applications and stargazing. Inside a couple of decades, theâ reflecting telescopeâ was concocted, which utilized mirrors. In the twentieth century numerous new kinds of telescopes were developed, includingâ radio telescopesâ in the 1930s andâ infrared telescopesâ in the 1960s. The wordâ telescopeâ now alludes to a wide scope of instruments distinguishing various locales of theâ electromagnetic range, and now and again different kinds of locators. History†¦ The soonest recorded working telescopes were theâ refracting telescopesâ that showed up in the Netherlandsâ in 1608. Their advancement is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippersheyâ and Zacharias Janssen, who were display creators in Middelburg, and Jacob Metiusâ of Alkmaar. 4] Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, constructed his own inside a month,[5]â and extraordinarily enhanced the plan in the next year. The possibility that theâ objective, or light-social affair component, could be a mirror rather than a focal point was being explored not long after the innovation of the refracting telescope. [6] The potential favorable circumstances of usingâ parabolic mirrorsâ€reduction ofâ spherical aberrationâ and noâ chromatic aberrationâ€led to many proposed structures and a few endeavors to buildâ reflecting telescopes. 7] In 1668, Isaac Newtonâ built the main commonsense reflecting telescope, of a plan which currently bears his name, the Newtonian reflector. The development of theâ achromatic lensâ in 1733 halfway revised shading abnormalities present in the basic focal point and empowered the development of shorter, increasingly useful refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, however not constrained by the shading issues seen in refractors, were hampered by the utilization of quick tarnishingâ speculum metalâ mirrors utilized during the eighteenth and mid nineteenth centuryâ€a issue reduced by the presentation of silver covered glass reflects in 1857,[8]â and aluminized reflects in 1932. 9] The greatest physical size cutoff for refracting telescopes is around 1 meter (40â inches), directing that most by far of huge optical examining telescopes worked since the turn of the twentieth century have been reflectors. The biggest reflecting telescopes right now have targets bigger than 10â m (33â feet). The twentieth century additionally observed the improvement of telescopes that worked in a wide scope of frequencies fromâ radioâ toâ gamma-beams. The primary reason incorporated radio telescope went with activity in 1937. From that point forward, a huge assortment of complex cosmic instruments have been created. Step by step instructions to use†¦ * Find a region where the things you wish to see aren’t blocked by trees to set up your telescope with the goal that you get an away from of the sky. * Look to check whether your telescope has a polar hub. In the event that it does, it will follow whatever you are taking a gander at. In the event that you have a telescope with a polar pivot, follow your manufacturer’s bearings on the most proficient method to adjust the polar hub and the discoverer scope. * Select the eyepiece with the most reduced amplification that you have. Continuously start with the most minimal amplification eyepiece until you become progressively experienced in utilizing your telescope. Find the thing in the night sky that you wish to watch and spotlight in on it. Move the planet or star you are seeing as near the focal point of the field of view in the eyepiece as could be expected under the circumstances. * Remove the low amplification eyepiece and suppla nt it with an eyepiece with a higher amplification. * Readjust the arrangement of the telescope when the planet or star floats out of view in the event that you have a manual telescope mount. * Continue as such, watching distinctive noticeable planets and stars. Optics †¦ Binoculars,â field glassesâ orâ binocular telescopesâ are a couple of indistinguishable or mirror-symmetricalâ telescopesâ mounted next to each other and adjusted to point precisely a similar way, permitting the watcher to utilize the two eyes (binocular vision) when seeing removed articles. Most are measured to be held utilizing two hands, in spite of the fact that sizes change broadly fromâ opera glassesâ to enormous platform mounted military models. A wide range of shortened forms are utilized for optics, includingâ glasses, nocs ,noculars , binosâ andâ bins. In contrast to a (monocular) telescope, optics give clients a three-dimensional picture: for closer items the two perspectives, introduced to ach of the viewer’s eyes from somewhat various perspectives, produce a consolidated view with anâ impression of profundity. History †¦ No sooner was the telescope created in than the mid 1600s than did cosmologists get mounting two of them together, viably deve loping the principal optics. Galileo (who is regularly erroneously credited with having imagined optics) adjusted a prior structure, utilizing optics that consolidated arched and sunken focal points to make an amplifying impact simply like that pre-owned today in the least expensive nonprismatic glasses showcased for sports or theater seeing, or for use by kids. In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro of Italy licensed a plan utilizing two crystals built in a Z shape to give the watcher a picture that in addition to the fact that better is amplified, has profundity. The Porro crystal configuration was followed a couple of decades later by the rooftop crystal, in which the crystals are built in one unit. Before long, optics were adjusted for military use, and were utilized during the Civil War. Quality made a major bounce around the turn of the nineteenth century, and kept on being refined in the mid 1900s. With the appearance of World War II, more producers entered the optics showcase, including, in the United States, Bausch ; Lomb. Germany proceeded with its creation of profoundly respected optics, with a couple of changes. You read Gadget to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear in classification Paper models For instance, Zeiss, one of the top names in optics, encountered a confounding movement, with another manufacturing plant built up in East Germany under Russian control with the Zeiss name while another production line named Zeiss was started sending out from West Germany, as indicated by a history in the 1961 book Binoculars and Scopes and Their Uses in Photography, by Robert J. furthermore, Elsa Reichert. Japan sends out optics by means of different makers, and some U. S. ompanies import Japanese-made optics however sell them under the U. S. organization name. Instructions to use†¦ * Put the binocular tie around your neck. Wearing the neck-tie enables you to utilize two hands while you are utilizing the optics. * Adjust the barrels of the optics †each side you investigate †to the width of your face. For the most part, you should simply draw the barrels nearer together or further separated as you hold the optics up to your eyes. On the off chance that you have balanced the optics effectively, you ought not see a dark â€Å"border† when you glance through the eyepieces. Find the focal center wheel, as a rule in the two barrels of the optics. Turn the wheel gradually as you take a gander at a specific article out there to get the best concentration for your eyes. * Fine-tune your survey significantly more in the event that you have a diopter center component around your optics. Not all optics have this center component, which makes up for the distinction in vision that you may involvement with every one of your eyes. The diopter center change wheel is for the most part around the right-hand barrel. * Keep the two eyes open as you see your objective articles. You may need to re-center every once in a while. * Clean your optics subsequent to utilizing them. A delicate, soggy material is adequate for the body of the optics. Treated tissue paper used to clean cameras and eye glasses is ok for cleaning the focal points. Store optics in their conveying situation when you’re not utilizing them. Magnifying lens †¦ Aâ microscopeâ (from the Ancient Greek:â , mikros, â€Å"small† andâ , skopein, â€Å"to look† or â€Å"see†) is anâ instrumentâ used to see protests that are unreasonably little for the unaided eye. The study of examining little items utilizing such an instrument is calledâ microscopy . Microscopicâ means undetectable to the eye except if helped by a magnifying lens. There are numerous kinds of magnifying instruments, the most widely recognized and first to be designed is theoptical microscopeâ which usesâ lightâ to picture the example. Other significant sorts of magnifying instruments are theâ electron microscopeâ (both theâ transmission electron microscopeâ and theâ scanning electron magnifying instrument) and the different kinds ofâ scanning test magnifying instrument History †¦ The primary magnifying lens to be created was the optical magnifying instrument, despite the fact that the first creator isn't anything but difficult to recognize. An early magnifying instrument was made in 1590 in Midd

15 Life-Changing Questions to Ask Yourself Today

15 Life-Changing Questions to Ask Yourself Today Like Socrates said many years ago, the unexamined life is not worth living. In order to unlock your full potential and achieve your greatest dreams, you need to take a step back and examine the kind of life you are living. In this article, we take a look at 15 life-changing questions that will help you to objectively put your life under a microscope. The answers to these questions will change your life, help you determine whether your life is headed in the right direction, give new meaning to your life, help you tap your hidden potential and open you up to new experiences. Below are the 15 questions you need to ask yourself today. 1. WHERE DO I WANT TO BE IN THE NEXT ONE, FIVE OR TEN YEARS?While it is impossible to predict where your life will be a year, or five years down the line, it is important to have a plan of where you want to be in that time. Asking yourself this question allows you to set goals about what you want to achieve in your life. Without goals, you will be like a sh ip that is adrift in the ocean without a destination. Any direction seems like the right destination. The problem is, when you sail without a destination, being tossed by the waves, you are more likely to get wrecked on a rocky island that find yourself in a great port.Having clear goals allows you to concentrate your efforts on activities that move you forward in life. Your goals give you the motivation you need to create the best life for yourself. Having goals also means that you have a lighthouse to guide your life. Goals help you align your decisions with your desired life and notice when you are going adrift. Actually, goal setting is so important that, according to this Harvard Business study, those who set goals are twice more likely to succeed than those without goals, and those with written goals and a plan are 10 times more likely to succeed than those without goals.Asking yourself this question will prompt you to decide what you want to achieve in your life. Your answer to this question should encompass all areas of life. Don’t just focus on your career or material achievements. You should have goals for your career, your financial wellbeing, education, family, health, pleasure, and so on.  2. WHERE WILL MY LIFE BE IN ONE, FIVE OR TEN YEARS IF I CONTINUE DOING WHAT I AM DOING TODAY?Fortunately, many of us already have visions of where we want to be in future, whether that is the next one year, the next 5 years or the next 10 years. Even if you did not have one, hopefully the first question has got you thinking about where you want your life to be in future. Unfortunately, many of us spend time doing things that do not help us move closer to our goals. Remember, your future life is dependent on the things you do today. You cannot live the life of your dreams in future if you spend your life today doing average things. If your dream is to be fit within the next one year, you will not get there if you keep eating junk foods and avoiding the gym. Ask ing yourself this question helps you identify the things in your life today that are wasting your time. It helps you identify things that you need to do in order to achieve your goals. Most importantly, it helps you stop procrastinating the important things that you know you need to do. If your dream is to be financially stable, asking yourself this question will spur you to start taking action towards securing your financial future, today. If your aim is to be fit, you need to start exercising and eating healthy, today. If there are people who are holding you back from going for your dreams, you need to cut them off, today. Otherwise, if you keep doing the kind of things you have been doing before, you will continue living the same kind of life you have been living before. Like Einstein once said, insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results. 3. WHAT IS MY WHY?This question is important because it helps you identify why you are going after your dre ams. If one of your goals is to lose some weight, why exactly do you want to lose weight? If your dream is to become CEO at your organization, why do you want it? What will becoming CEO do for you? Do you want it because of the associated status, or because the CEO salary will allow you to give your family a better life? Your “why” is a deep-seated reason behind your goals.Without knowing the “why” behind your goals, dreams and aspirations, you minimize your chances of achieving your goals. The truth is, achieving your goals is not going to be easy. You will face challenges that will make you feel like quitting. Without a clear picture of why you are going for that goal, it becomes easy to quit when the tough gets going. However, a clear “why” gives you purpose and motivates you to do whatever it takes to achieve your goals. Knowing your why also helps you make the tough decisions concerning your goals. A strong enough why will give you the fortitude to figure out the †œwhat” and the “how” of achieving your dreams. 4. WHAT AM I GRATEFUL FOR?In this life, we are constantly trying to make more money, achieve more and improve ourselves that we often take for granted what we have going for us at the moment. However, it is important to take a step back and be grateful for what we have. Being grateful does not mean that we should get complacent and stop trying to improve our lives. Instead, it means that we should count our blessings and appreciate the kind of lives we have today. You might feel that your car is old and you need a new one. However, you should appreciate the fact that you have a car, since there is someone struggling to raise money for a bicycle.Gratitude is one of the keys to a truly happy life. Actually, research shows people who practice gratitude tend to have better confidence, better sleep and better moods. Being grateful will also lower your chances of experiencing stress and anxiety. Asking yourself this question will give y ou a dose of optimism and make you realize that your life is not as bad as you think it is. Think you don’t have anything to be grateful for? How about your good health, a roof over your head, food to eat, a happy family? These are all things you should be grateful for. Before you start worrying about a new car, a bigger house or a better job, take a moment to be grateful for the car, the house or the job you have now. 5. WHAT ARE MY VALUES, AND AM I BEING TRUE TO THEM?In this life, it is important to have values that guide you. Unfortunately, many of us never take a moment to identify what our values are. Values are your personal set of beliefs and ethical principles that guide your behavior and decisions. Your values are the essence of who you are. They help you determine what is important to you and help you determine between right and wrong. Asking yourself this question helps you to analyze what is important to you and what you stand for. Why are values important? Values prov ide you with a framework for making the right decisions even in cases where the decisions might result in conflict. They help you know who you are and are the basis on which you develop your opinions on important things. Values help you clear excess clutter from your life. They help you identify things that are important to you and allow you to let go of things that are not important. Finally, having values increases your confidence and provides you with a stable foundation for your life. Once you know what you stand for in life, you are less likely to be swayed by the opinions of others.6. DO I WORRY TOO MUCH ABOUT WHAT OTHERS THINK?Human beings are social creatures, and the need to be accepted by others is a normal part of being human. This explains why each of us feels the need to act according to societal expectations. However, sometimes this need to get accepted by others can become so great to the extent that it starts affecting our lives. Worrying too much about what others w ill think about you, your behavior, you decisions and so on and trying to do what everyone expects of you can hinder your ability to think for yourself and make your own decisions. Instead of making your decisions based on what you want for yourself, your decisions will be based on what you think others consider to be right. Unfortunately, you can never truly predict what others will think of you, and therefore trying to please others is an exercise in futility. It is better to do make your own decisions without concerning yourself with what others will think of you. Asking yourself this question will help you determine if you are doing things because you think they are the right thing to do or because you are afraid of being judged.  7. WHAT DO I WANT PEOPLE TO SAY ABOUT ME AT MY FUNERAL?Thinking about your own death is not a very pleasant exercise. However, death also has a way of helping us identify the most important things in our lives. The truth is that everyone will die, incl uding you. What would you want people to say about you during your funeral? Would you rather they talk about the expensive car you drove and your big mansion, or about how you made them feel? Would you want your children to talk about how great a dad you were, or how you they never saw you because you were always in the office? Asking yourself this question will make you realize that there is more to life than chasing material things. Building good relationships with people and having a great character is what will matter in the end. People are going to remember you for how you made them feel, for living a life of love and kindness. No one will miss you once you are gone because you were the richest person in the family, or because you had a private jet. Asking yourself this question reminds you that you should not focus on pursuing success and riches at the expense of relationships and good character. 8. WHAT WOULD I DO IF I WASN’T AFRAID OF ANYTHING?This is a question that only few people contemplate, yet it can have a very profound impact on your life. Many of us go through life timidly, with fear holding us back from going for what we truly want. You keep your feelings to yourself because you are afraid you will be rejected by your crush. You stay at a dead end job because you are afraid you will fail if you quit to start your business. What if you were not afraid? How much would you achieve? What exactly would you do if failure was not in the picture?Pondering on this question helps you to identify the things that truly matter to you. The answers to this question are the things you should step up and do. In most cases, the fears holding you back are usually irrational, and you can easily overcome them.   If your fear is keeping you from moving from your home town, go ahead and do it. If your fear is keeping you from trying your hand at being a singer, go ahead and give it a try. In the end, when your life is nearing its end, you won’t care about the t hings that you tried and failed at. Instead, you will regret the opportunities you missed due to fear. Do not let your fears hold you back. Instead, face your fears and your life will become limitless. 9. WHAT WOULD I DO IF TODAY WAS MY LAST DAY?Imagine that today was your last day on earth. Would you spend it mindlessly scrolling through Facebook or watching useless programs on TV? Not likely. Instead, you’d probably meet up with that friend you have been meaning to meet up with, spend time with your family, or go for that one adventure you have been postponing your entire life. If there is a person you always had feelings for, you would probably go ahead and tell them. You wouldn’t care about rejection because, well, you only have a few hours to live, and you’ll go knowing that you made your feelings known.The truth is, no one knows when they’ll die. This means that today could very well be your last day on earth. Why waste it doing useless things? Considering that this co uld be your last day will make you stop procrastinating on things that matter to you. You’ve always wanted to visit the Seychelles? Why not do it now, who knows whether you’ll be alive next year. There’s more to life than working to pay bills and taxes. If today was your last day on earth, I doubt that you would wake up and head over to the office. Instead, you would do something that you have always wanted to do. I’m not saying that you should skip work today, but you should find time to do the things that you have always wanted to. You might put off doing something because you think you don’t have time today, only to find yourself at 70 years without having ever done it. Don’t put living your life to some day in the future when the future is not assured. Instead, live your wildest life today, because today is the only moment that you are assured of. 10. WHY NOT? From when we were kids, we have been brainwashed by society that we need to follow the rules and live a cert ain way. That we need to fit in, keep our heads down and play it safe. However, following this path often leads to an average life. Sometimes, you need to go beyond the confines of tradition and stop playing it safe. Don’t just accept everything as it is. If someone tells you that something cannot be done, ask them why not. If someone says that you cannot achieve your dreams, ask yourself why not? Don’t accept the limitations people put on you. Instead, you should challenge the status quo and go for what others think is impossible. If you look at some of the greatest people to have lived, most of them have looked at things that that seemed undoable and asked themselves “why not?”11. IS MY SOCIAL CIRCLE INFLUENCING MY LIFE POSITIVELY?Like Jim Rohn once said, you are the average of the 5 people you spend most of your time with. The circle of friends you keep around you influences your mindset, your behavior and your habits. Want to be successful? Hang out with successful peopl e. Want to be confident? Hang out with confident people. Want to be happy? Hang out with happy people. There’s even scientific evidence behind this. According to this study published in Psychology Today, people with low self-control can improve their self-control by surrounding themselves with strong willed friends.Asking yourself this question allows you to evaluate the social circle you surround yourself with. Are they people that challenge and encourage you to be a better version of yourself? Are they people that are dragging you down with negativity and mediocrity? Letting go of your friends can be a hard thing to do. However, if you want to achieve your fullest potential, it is important to surround yourself with people who share the same dreams with you, people who challenge you. If you are constantly surrounded by people who have no aspirations, you will eventually become complacent in your life because that is the normal kind of life in your social circle. However, if ever yone in your circle is constantly working to better themselves, you will be challenged to better yourself if you want to remain within the same circle. 12. AM I LIVING A LIFESTYLE THAT PROMOTES PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SPIRITUAL WELLBEING?To enjoy life to the fullest, you should live a lifestyle that enhances your health and wellbeing. However, when many of us think about health and wellbeing, we only think about the physical part of it. A healthy lifestyle should focus not only on your physical wellbeing, but also your mental and spiritual wellbeing. According to many ancient cultures, the body, the mind and the soul are interconnected, with each one affecting the others. This means that it is impossible to have overall wellbeing when one of these elements is not healthy.Asking yourself this question allows you to make choices that allow you to live a healthy life and enables to channel your focus to your mental and spiritual wellbeing, two elements of wellness that are often neglected . Good nutrition and exercise will take care of your physical wellbeing. Reading and educating yourself continually will take care of your mental wellbeing, while things like religion and meditation will help you take care of your spiritual wellbeing. The important thing here is that your overall wellbeing depends on the three elements. Don’t focus on one and neglect the others. 13.  AM I GIVING THE PEOPLE I VALUE MOST ENOUGH TIME?Many times, we focus on the challenges of modern life that we forget how important it is to spend some quality time with the people we value most â€" our family and friends. You should never be too busy for people who love and care for you. In the end, they are the only ones who matter. You might get laid off your job, the money and cars might go, but your family and friends will always have your back no matter what happens. In addition to always having a circle of support, family and friends are also good for your happiness. People who spend more qualit y time with people they value tend to have higher levels of happiness. Spending time with friends and family even has a bigger impact on happiness than an increase in income. 14. DO I CARE MORE ABOUT HOW MY LIFE LOOKS OR HOW IT FEELS?Today’s society is fueled by marketing and extreme consumerism. In a world where first impressions matter a lot, people see the car you drive or the clothes you wear and not your character or integrity. Having the right image determines the kind of friends you will get, the relationships will get into and the kind of jobs and business deals you will get. Matters have been made worse by social media, where people are all about showing off how their lives seemingly are. This has led to a situation where most people are more focused on living a life that looks good, even if all this is a façade. Today, keeping up with the Joneses has become a way of life. People are taking loans to buy houses and cars with the aim of looking successful. According to a s urvey by the Country Financial Security Index, more than half of the respondents spend more than their income occasionally, while 21% spend more in a month than they earn in the same month for more than sixth months every year. Most of this expenditure goes towards buying material things with the aim of impressing others.While doing this might boost your image, it will have adverse effects on your life. Spending beyond your means to impress the masses can lead to a life of debt. Apart from setting you up for a life debt, living a life where you care more about how your life looks can lead to lack of joy and contentment. Instead of being appreciative of what you have, you will be more focused on getting more so that you can improve your image. Since you are so focused on getting bigger toys to maintain your image, you end up spending most of your time at work, which in turn also strains your relationships with family. You end up becoming distant to your spouse and miss seeing your ki ds growing up. Is this the kind of life you want? Asking yourself if you care more about how your life looks or how it feels will help remind you that living a fake life to impress others is a walk down a treacherous path. It’s better to be rich and look poor than to look rich and be poor. 15. WHAT WILL BE MY BIGGEST REGRET IF I WERE TO DIE TOMORROW?If you know you are going to die tomorrow, you most probably won’t care about where you lived, how much money you made or how many properties you had. Most likely, you will regret working so hard while neglecting your family. You will regret letting fear hold your life back. You will regret living the life others expected of you instead of charting your own path. You will regret not going after your dreams. Asking yourself this question gives you a sober reminder of what you should be doing with your life today. If you know the things you are going to regret when you are lying on your deathbed, why not do them today to avoid going ou t with regrets when the time comes?

Mining Patterns for Career path based on Innate Talents - Free Essay Example

Abstract Selecting an appropriate career path is one of the most important decisions in an individual’s life span. People end up getting into a profession where they neither enjoy nor get out of it due to several reasons like financial situation, family pressure, single source of income, cost of education and availability of vast career opportunities. Thus, student may select a wrong career option and the consequences of this wrong decision could be job dissatisfaction. An ultimate motive behind this research is to identify the most suitable career path that fits personality and working environment resulting positive outcome such as job satisfaction by using an appropriate data mining technique and a validated Holland’s theory, which is one of the most popular models used for career personality tests. Apart from this, other three factors will be obtained. Thus, for finding the Intersection, four factors are going to be considered: their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. The proposed system would help students to select an appropriate career path based on their personality traits by matching their â€Å"three-letter code† with the employee’s code. I. INTRODUCTION In Today’s world Career recommendation to the college students is a herculean task. The awareness of Career among the students is very less. Some students don’t know their abilities. Some students choose the career because his/her friend has chosen the same or their guardian forces them to opt for a career without knowing the actual interests, strengths and abilities in a particular area. Some parents force to satisfy his dream which they have seen in their childhood. Thus, students suffer a whole life. So, to help students from such conditions people have started the career counselling organizations. They provide guidance regarding career but does not analyse the abilities of the students. So, they allow students to choose career on their own. Here same problems occur that students don’t know their actual interest, abilities and strengths. Thus, to overcome such situation this project aims at evaluating some patterns by applying data mining techniques on employee’s data that would help students to select an appropriate career path based on their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. II. RELATED WORK There are various websites and web applications over the internet which helps students to know their suitable career path. But most of those systems only used personality traits as the only factor to predict the career, which might result in an inconsistent answer. Similarly, there are few sites that suggest career based on only the interests of the students. But the systems did not consider market trends and pay scales to increase the job satisfaction. None of the system has considered all the four factors namely personality traits, interests, market trends and pay scales. Also, the suggestion provided by the system for course is much generalized. For example, the results of few systems were a group of courses like data analyst, accountant, law etc. Thus, if a student gets such a recommendation then he/she might again get confused as the above specified course belong to different streams. The paper by [1] Elakia, Gayathri, Aarthi and Naren J suggest suitable career options for high school students based on every student’s interests, skills, likes, hobbies etc. and they have considered â€Å"discipline† as an important factor to continue higher studies and pursue one’s career. hence the chance of a student to get violent in future is predicted. The main objective of the paper by [2] Avinsh Kumar, Akshat Gawankar, Kunal Borge Mr Nilesh M Patil is to provide an overview on the data mining algorithm that are been used to predict student profile and personality. They have created online survey system that will help student to make career choices and understand their personality traits. Another paper by [3] Gentaneh Berie Tarekegn Dr. Vuda Sreenivasarao have attempted to use data mining techniques to analyse student’s entrance exam result to predict student’s placement into departments. The paper by [4] Nikita Gorad, Ishani Zalte, Aishwarya Nandi Deepali Nayak recommends the student, a career option based on their personality trait, interest and their capacity to take up the course. According to the paper by [5] Lokesh S. Katore, Bhakti S. Ratnaparkhi Dr. Jayant S. Umale they have developed the career recommendation system which will recommend the career to the students based on their personality traits. The paper by [6] Ms. Roshani Ade Dr. P.R. Deshmukh suggested incremental ensemble of classifiers in which the hypothesis from number of classifiers were experimented and by using ‘Majority voting rule’, the fin al result was determined. III. OVERVIEW The basic idea of this research is to acquire the data from the employees and to evaluate some patterns from that data. From that evaluated patterns certain career can be suggested to the students. For evaluating patterns from the employee’s data, four factors are going to be considered: their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. Figure 1: Four factors 1. Personality traits: Hollands six personality types are considered here as various personality traits. According to Holland’s theory of career choice most people are one of six personality types: Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional Thus, using these personality types, different careers will be classified. [7] Here, 42 questions are asked for evaluating personality traits. The â€Å"three-letter code† with the highest scores will be determined from these six personality types. Then after this â€Å"three-letter code† will be matched with some already defined professions and if there is a match between this profession and a code then it will return â€Å"Yes† in â€Å"P-E fit† field otherwise â€Å"No†. Thus, first factor named â€Å"P-E fit† will be evaluated. 2. Interest: Interest in this context means asking employees whether they are doing interest-based job or not. If â€Å"yes† then only we will consider their data for pattern evaluation and if â€Å"no† then we will simply ignore that entries because we aim to suggest the career on the basis of the employee’s data and if employee is not satisfied with his/her job then that is not the perfect match for him/her also, ultimately they are doing something in what they not even interested so, how can we suggest it to students? So, its mandatory that we verify the data which we are going to use for suggesting the career path to the students. Thus, second factor named â€Å"Interest based† will be evaluated. 3. Market trend: Top trending jobs from the market will be taken into consideration. The labour market is changing rapidly. No one can be sure of what will happen in the future, but some trends in the labour market do give clues about what is likely to happen. When making decisions about your education or career, it is important to understand these trends and to make good choices based on this information. [11] As of now, for this research purpose, its assumed that â€Å"Travel agent† is not a trending job as the internet has turned vacationers into their own travel agents. Websites, such as Kayak and Expedia, and Web applications, such as MakeMyTrip, Trivago, TripAdvisor enable travellers to book flights, cruises, and hotel rooms with ease. Hence, no travel agents are needed any more. So, if there is a travel agent in the responses then it will return â€Å"No† in â€Å"Trending job† field otherwise â€Å"Yes†. Thus, third factor named â€Å"Trending job † can be evaluated. 4. Pay scale: A pay scale (also known as a salary structure) is a system that determines how much an employee is to be paid as a wage or salary, based on one or more factors such as the employees level, rank or status within the employers organization, the length of time that the employee has been employed, and the difficulty of the specific work performed. [8] For evaluating fourth factor named â€Å"Pays well†, we have assumed that 10,000 should be the minimum salary for any employees working in any field, so if their salary is less than 10,000 then it will return â€Å"No† in â€Å"Pays well† field otherwise â€Å"Yes†. IV. IMPLEMENTATION Figure 2: Implementation steps Step 1. Data collection (using google form-spreadsheet): The first step of implementation was to collect data from employees working in different fields. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted using Google forms. The questions asked in the survey are based on personality traits (42), and two more questions for asking about their interest and income. This data has been collected from the employees working in various job sectors such as State Bank of India(Modasa), Union Bank(Gandhinagar), Travel Infoline(Ahmedabad), Institute for Photography Excellence(Ahmedabad), inifd(Gandhinagar), District court(Gandhinagar), Rajshree Studio(Idar), Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited (Mehsana) and Nootan Vidyalaya(Kadi). As this is the google form, I shared the link with all my friends and family members and asked them to fill it and forward it in their groups. Figure 3: Google form sample Step 2. Downloaded as MS Excel: Responses was downloaded as MS Excel (.xlsx) Figure 4: Raw dataset Step 3. Pre-processing (in excel): Then data obtained from the survey had to pre-processed and consolidated into a common format as required by the system in MS Excel. Based on the answers given by employees, three-letter code for each individual was generated. For example, with a code of RIA you would most resemble the Realistic type, somewhat but less resemble the Investigative type, and somewhat but even less resemble the Artistic type. The types that are not in your code are the types you resemble least of all. Most people, and most jobs, are some combination of two or three of the Holland interest areas. [9] By using this data â€Å"P-E fit†, â€Å"Interest based†, â€Å"Trending job† and â€Å"Pays well† was determined and then after â€Å"Intersection† was calculated by considering all these four factors. If all the four factor’s values are â€Å"Yes† then â€Å"Intersection† field’s value will be â€Å"Yes† otherwise â€Å"No†. Thus, target attribute named â€Å"Intersection† will be evaluated. Figure 5: Pre-processed dataset Step 4. DM Tool (RStudio): RStudio is a data mining open source tool for applying data mining algorithms over the data collected from the users. It is an â€Å"Integrated development environment (IDE)† that helps you develop programs in R that means R is a â€Å"Programming language† while R studio is a â€Å"Platform† to use R. You can use R without using RStudio, but you cant use RStudio without using R, so R comes first. [10] Step 5. DM Algorithm: Data mining is all about extracting patterns from an organizations stored or warehoused data. These patterns can be used to gain insight into aspects of the organizations operations, and to predict outcomes for future situations as an aid to decision-making. [4] A. Decision tree algorithm: A decision tree is a structure that includes a root node, branches, and leaf nodes. Each internal node denotes a test on an attribute, each branch denotes the outcome of a test, and each leaf node holds a class label. The topmost node in the tree is the root node. [22] 1. ID3: In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan, used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.[12] 2. C4.5: C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlans earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. Authors of the Weka machine learning software described the C4.5 algorithm as a landmark decision tree program that is probably the machine learning workhorse most widely used in practice to date. It became quite popular after ranking #1 in the Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining pre-eminent paper published by Springer LNCS in 2008. Improvements from ID.3 algorithm: C4.5 made a number of improvements to ID3. Some of these are: Handling both continuous and discrete attributes In order to handle continuous attributes, C4.5 creates a threshold and then splits the list into those whose attribute value is above the threshold and those that are less than or equal to it. Handling training data with missing attribute values C4.5 allows attribute values to be marked as â€Å"?† for missing. Missing attribute values are simply not used in gain and entropy calculations. Handling attributes with differing costs. Pruning trees after creation C4.5 goes back through the tree once its been created and attempts to remove branches that do not help by replacing them with leaf nodes. [13] 3. C5.0: C5.0 is widely used as a decision tree method. It provides the set of rules which is easy to understand. C5.0 algorithm gives acknowledge on noise and missing data. Problem of over fitting and error pruning is solved by the C5.0 algorithm. In classification technique, the C5.0 classifier can anticipate which attributes are relevant and which are not relevant in classification. [4] Improvements in C5.0 algorithm: C5.0 offers a number of improvements on C4.5. Some of these are: Speed C5.0 is significantly faster than C4.5 Memory usage C5.0 is more memory efficient than C4.5 Smaller decision trees C5.0 gets similar results to C4.5 with considerably smaller decision trees. Support for boosting Boosting improves the trees and gives them more accuracy. Weighting C5.0 allows you to weight different cases and misclassification types. Winnowing a C5.0 option automatically winnows the attributes to remove those that may be unhelpful. [14] Boosted C5.0: Adaptive boosting involves making several models that â€Å"vote† how to classify an example. To do this you need to add the ‘trials’ parameter to the code. The ‘trial’ parameter sets the upper limit of the number of models R will iterate if necessary. [15] 4. CART: Classification and Regression Trees (CART) split attributes based on values that minimize a loss function, such as sum of squared errors. [16] Classification and regression trees (CART) are a non-parametric decision tree learning technique that produces either classification or regression trees, depending on whether the dependent variable is categorical or numeric, respectively. Decision trees are formed by a collection of rules based on variables in the modelling data set: Rules based on variables values are selected to get the best split to differentiate observations based on the dependent variable Once a rule is selected and splits a node into two, the same process is applied to each child node (i.e. it is a recursive procedure) Splitting stops when CART detects no further gain can be made, or some pre-set stopping rules are met. (Alternatively, the data are split as much as possible and then the tree is later pruned.) Each branch of the tree ends in a terminal node. Each observation falls into one and exactly one terminal node, and each terminal node is uniquely defined by a set of rules. [17] 5. Random Forest: Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks, that operate by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time and outputting the class that is the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees. Random decision forests correct for decision trees habit of overfitting to their training set. [18] Random Forest is variation on Bagging of decision trees by reducing the attributes available to making a tree at each decision point to a random sub-sample. This further increases the variance of the trees and more trees are required. [16] 6. This algorithm stands for â€Å"Conditional Inference Tree†. Statistics-based approach that uses non-parametric tests as splitting criteria, corrected for multiple testing to avoid overfitting. This approach results in unbiased predictor selection and does not require pruning. [19] Ctree is a non-parametric class of regression trees embedding tree-structured regression models into a well-defined theory of conditional inference procedures. It is applicable to all kinds of regression problems, including nominal, ordinal, numeric, censored as well as multivariate response variables and arbitrary measurement scales of the covariates. [20] B. Neural Network: An Artificial Neural Network, often just called a neural network, is a mathematical model inspired by biological neural networks. Neural networks are used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. [21] A neural network is a model characterized by an activation function, which is used by interconnected information processing units to transform input into output. A neural network has always been compared to human nervous system. Information in passed through interconnected units analogous to information passage through neurons in humans. The first layer of the neural network receives the raw input, processes it and passes the processed information to the hidden layers. The hidden layer passes the information to the last layer, which produces the output. The advantage of neural network is that it is adaptive in nature. It learns from the information provided, i.e. trains itself from the data, which has a known outcome and optimizes its weights for a better prediction in situations with unknown outcome. [23] C. Naà ¯ve Bayes: The Naive Bayesian classifier is based on Bayes’ theorem with the independence assumptions between predictors. A Naive Bayesian model is easy to build, with no complicated iterative parameter estimation which makes it particularly useful for very large datasets. Despite its simplicity, the Naive Bayesian classifier often does surprisingly well and is widely used because it often outperforms more sophisticated classification methods. [24] V. RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION The dataset was then used to derive the results, using the various packages available in R for generating decision tree. The C5.0 algorithm applied on the dataset had the accuracy of 100%. The output after plotting the decision tree is shown in Figure 6. This tree is generated by considering all the four factors namely personality traits, their interest, market trends and pay scales. Figure 6: decision tree with all the four factors We have also generated the various trees with considering one factor at a time while applying C5.0 algorithm on the dataset. The visualization of the decision trees with â€Å"Trending job†, â€Å"P-E fit†, â€Å"Interest based†, â€Å"Pays well† are â€Å"Figure 7†, â€Å"Figure 8†, â€Å"Figure 9†, â€Å"Figure 10† respectively. Figure 7: decision tree with â€Å"Trending job† Figure 8: decision tree with â€Å"P-E fit† Figure 9: decision tree with â€Å"Interest based† Figure 10: decision tree with â€Å"Pays well† From the following graph, we can get a clear idea of the comparison of the five methods. Figure 11: accuracy with various factors Thus, this graph shows that for selecting a career of a student all the four factors are important namely personality traits, their interest, market trends and pay scales. VII. CONCLUSION This work has discussed the Holland’s theory and various data mining techniques in relation to observations indicating that some students have difficulty in determining a suitable career. As this affects their performance, productivity and satisfaction, it is critically important to understand how to find a career that fits their personality. The results generated from the employee’s data can be useful for evaluating patterns in order to determine a suitable career path for the students based on the four factors namely personality traits, interests, market trends and pay scales. REFERENCES [1] Elakia, Gayathri, Aarthi and Naren J, â€Å"Application of Data Mining in Educational Database for Predicting Behavioural Patterns of the Students†, IJCSIT, 2014 [2] Avinsh Kumar, Akshat Gawankar, Kunal Borge Mr Nilesh M Patil, â€Å"Student Profile Personality Prediction using Data Mining Algorithms†, IJARIIE, 2017 [3] Gentaneh Berie Tarekegn Dr. Vuda Sreenivasarao, â€Å"Application of Data Mining Techniques to Predict Students Placement in to Departments†, IJRSCSE, 2016 [4] Nikita Gorad, Ishani Zalte, Aishwarya Nandi Deepali Nayak, â€Å"Career Counselling using Data Mining†, IJESC, April 2017 [5] Lokesh S. Katore, Bhakti S. Ratnaparkhi Dr. Jayant S. Umale, â€Å"Novel Professional career prediction and recommendation method for individual through analytics on personal traits using C4.5 algorithm†, IEEE, 2015 [6] Ms. Roshani Ade Dr. P.R. Deshmukh, â€Å"An incremental ensemble of classifiers as a technique for prediction of student’s career choice†, IEEE, 2014 [7] https://www.careerkey.org/choose-a-career/hollands-theory-of-career-choice.html#.WpEoWKhuY2x [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_scale [9]https://www.nhes.nh.gov/elmi/career/documents/holland-code-sparks.pdf [10]https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-R-and-RStudio [11]https://www.employmentcrossing.com/article/900012648/Important-Labor-Market-Trends-and-Career-Planning/ [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3_algorithm [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4.5_algorithm [14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4.5_algorithm#Improvements_in_C5.0.2FSee5_algorithm [15] https://educationalresearchtechniques.com/2016/05/25/3838/ [16] https://machinelearningmastery.com/non-linear-classification-in-r-with-decision-trees/ [17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics#Classification_and_regression_trees_.28CART.29 [18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_forest [19] https://wiki2.org/en/Decision_tree_learning [20] Torsten Hothorn, Kurt Hornik and Achim Zeileis â€Å"ctree: Conditional Inference Trees† [21] https://www.vskills.in/certification/tutorial/data-mining-and-warehousing/neural-networks-and-data-mining/ [22] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_mining/dm_dti.htm [23] https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2017/09/creating-visualizing-neural-network-in-r/ [24] https://www.saedsayad.com/naive_bayesian.htm

The Lexical Approach in Language Teaching

In language teaching, a set of principles based on the observation that an understanding of words and word combinations (chunks) is the primary method of learning a language. The idea is that, rather than have students memorize lists of vocabulary, they would learn commonly used phrases.   The term lexical approach was introduced in 1993 by Michael Lewis, who observed that language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalised grammar (The Lexical Approach, 1993). The lexical approach is not a single, clearly defined method of language instruction. Its a commonly used term thats poorly understood by most. Studies of literature on the subject often show that its used in contradictory ways. It is largely based on the assumption that certain words will elicit a response with a specific set of words. Students would be able to learn which words are connected in this way. Students are expected to learn the grammar of languages based on recognizing patterns in words.  Ã‚   Examples and Observations The Lexical Approach implies a decreased role for sentence grammar, at least until post-intermediate levels. In contrast, it involves an increased role for word grammar (collocation and cognates) and text grammar (suprasentential features).(Michael Lewis, The Lexical Approach: The State of ELT and a Way Forward. Language Teaching Publications, 1993) Methodological Implications The methodological implications of [Michael Lewiss]  Lexical Approach (1993, pp. 194-195) are as follows: - Early emphasis on receptive skills, especially listening, is essential.- De-contextualized vocabulary learning is a fully legitimate strategy.- The role of grammar as a receptive skill must be recognized.- The importance of contrast in language awareness must be recognized.- Teachers should employ extensive, comprehensible language for receptive purposes.- Extensive writing should be delayed as long as possible.- Nonlinear recording formats (e.g., mind maps, word trees) are intrinsic to the Lexical Approach.- Reformulation should be the natural response to student error.- Teachers should always react primarily to the content of student language.- Pedagogical chunking should be a frequent classroom activity. (James Coady, L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: A Synthesis of the Research. Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Rationale for Pedagogy, ed. by James Coady and Thomas Huckin. Cambridge University Press, 1997) Limitations While the lexical approach can be a quick way for students to pick up phrases, it doesnt foster much creativity. It can have the negative side effect of limiting peoples responses to safe fixed phrases. Because they dont have to build responses, they dont need to learn the intricacies of language.   Adult language knowledge consists of a continuum of linguistic constructions of different levels of complexity and abstraction. Constructions can comprise concrete and particular items (as in words and idioms), more abstract classes of items (as in word classes and abstract constructions), or complex combinations of concrete and abstract pieces of language (as mixed constructions). Consequently, no rigid separation is postulated to exist between lexis and grammar.(Nick C. Ellis, The Emergence of Language As a Complex Adaptive System. The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ed. by James Simpson. Routledge, 2011)

Early Intensive Behavior Intervention ( Eibi ) Based On...

Early Intensive Behaviour Intervention (EIBI) based on Applied Behaviour Analysis principles. EIBI is considered to be an effective intervention for young children with autism (Eikeseth, 2009; Eldevik et al., 2009; Eldevik, Hastings, Jahr, and Hughes, 2012; Grindle et al., 2012; Grindle, Kovshoff, Hastings, Remington, 2009; Lovaas et al., 1987; Perry et al., 2008; Reichow, Barton, Boyd and Hume, 2012). Positive analytic procedures based on Applied Behaviour Analysis principles are used in EIBI to establish social behaviour significantly, eliminate undesired behaviour, and also improve quality of life (Eikeseth, Smith, Jahr, Eldevik, 2002). Lovaas et al. (1987) provided early evidence to support the use of EIBI. The researchers delivered intensive behavioural treatment for a group of children with autism who were younger than four-years-old. This study found that 19 children in the experimental group who received a home-based EIBI programme more than 40 hours per week showed a significant improvement in both IQ and educational functioning that was higher than children in the control group who received 10 hours or less one-to-one treatment per week. Moreover, children in the experimental group have successful performance in schools. Many other studies have replicated and followed up Lovaas’s findings that children who receive EIBI make more progress and improve IQ scores, adaptive behaviour, personality functioning, and language when compare with children who receiveShow MoreRelatedTeaching New Skills For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder989 Words   |  4 PagesIntensive Behavioural Intervention What is Intensive Behavioural Intervention Intensive Behavioural Intervention (IBI) is an evidenced based and effective approach to understanding and changing behavior, and teaching new skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. IBI uses Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) techniques to improve behaviour where there are impairments in socialization and communication. IBI can be used to teach academic and life skills, to change behavior, and to improveRead MoreSocial And Emotional Difficulties Of Autism Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pageswithin ASD. Children with this often have superior intellectual abilities, but show an unusual thinking and behavioral process (Cohler Weiner, 2011). Attwood noted that most often these characteristics included â€Å"unusual language, perserverative behavior, particular personal preoccupations and, often, uncoordinated or clumsy movements† (as cited in Cohler Weiner, 2011, p. 208). They will often see themselves as being different, but not really understanding why they are different. Most AS patientsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )2826 Words   |  12 Pagesmain diagnosis of ASD in the DSM 5. There are multiple levels of ASD that can be characterized by different degrees of severity involving verbal and nonverbal communication, repetitive behaviors, and difficulties in social interactions. As stated in the DSM 5, autism shows defects in nonverbal communicative behaviors that are used in social interactions, such as abnormalities in eye contact and understanding the use of gestures. Total lack of facial expression is not uncommon. In the current studyRead MoreBehavior Analysis Intervention for Austic Children Essay2665 Words   |  11 Pagesof frontal-parietal. Applied Behavioral Analysis is one of the most widely used interventions working with children that have autism. ABA intervention is bases of the behavioral therapy that was introduced by B.F.Skinner, a spokesperson for behavior, who had a high interest in the concept of reinforce ment. Behavior therapy is used for treating many psychological disorders among various patients. Therapists that utilize behavior therapy approach concentrate on observable behavior, learn present causesRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1948 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment is outside of the norm. ASD is a complex disorder and each individual that suffers from has a unique set of conditions. The symptoms of individuals with ASD vary in severity. That is, the disorder is characterized, in varying degrees, based on how difficult social interactions and communicating are for the person. Before, all types of autism were considered as distinct and subtypes of autism. Each type of autism was termed as a unique disorder. For example, there was Childhood Disintegrative

Examine the different ways Fitzgerald represents men’s...

Plan for English essay- 1500 words (375 words per paragraph) -underline every time title is used. POINT 1: Women are treated like objects TS: Fitzgerald uses many different techniques throughout the novel to show that women are a product of their men and are objectified by society. QUOTES: - Tom buys Daisy the pearl necklace before their wedding â€Å"he gave her a string of pearls valued at three hundred and fifty thousand dollars† and Myrtle a dog leash â€Å"a small, expensive dog-leash, made of leather and braided silver.† - Tom buys Myrtle a dog (a dog is a mans servant) â€Å"here’s your money. Go and buy 10 more dogs with it†, shows worthlessness of the dogs to Tom (relevance to Myrtle). (Other viewpoint) Giacomo and Michael â€Å"On the†¦show more content†¦- Tom doesn’t believe Jordan is capable of looking after herself â€Å"Nick’s going to look after her, aren’t you Nick?† - Nick says never trust a woman â€Å"dishonesty in a woman is something you can never blame too deeply.†- You should expect women to lie, they don’t know any better. - Nick implies Myrtle’s personality changes because of her appearance change- she can’t think for herself and needs the clothing â€Å"with the influence of the dress her personality had undergone a change†. -Tom believes Daisy can’t make her own mind up â€Å"sometimes she gets foolish ideas in her head and doesn’t know what she’s doing† TCIRT: - â€Å"if theyre sort of stupid, you fall half in love with them† presumes girls are stupid. - â€Å"I spent the whole night necking with a terrible phony named Anne Louise Sherman.† CONTEXT: Fitzgerald’s personal view of women, quote â€Å"Women are so weak, really – emotionally unstable – and their nerves, when strained, break . . . this is a man’s world.† POINT 3: Men take advantage of and use women, however women accept it. TS: In the novel, there is a strong correlation between men romanticizing their woman, and men using and taking advantage of their women. This is shown through various factors. QUOTES: - Daisy knows that Tom is having

The Glass Menagerie, Their Eyes Were Watching God, And My...

In the books Candide, The Glass Menagerie, Their Eyes were Watching God, and My Name is Asher Lev written by Voltaire, Tennessee Williams, Zora Neale Hurston, and Chaim Potok, they are all discernibly different stories, yet they all appear to share the common theme of perseverance in varying degrees to find that happiness is not always awaiting them. I have found that the various symbolic language combined with each author’s different style of writing not only makes each story unique, but they also affect each reader’s perceptions. When I had finished reading each book once, each story appeared to have such contrasting meanings. For example, Candide initially gave me the impression that his innocence dwindles consistently as he experiences countless people who have suffered outrageous hardships, deceptions, and the people who dole out these miseries. The Glass Menagerie was a bit complex to understand because I was not accustomed to reading books in play format, but I thought that it was trying to establish the mother’s relationship with her children. I could relate to this due to the fact that being a teenager along with my brother, we have disagreements on almost everything and what mothers may want best for their children. Also, Amanda -- mother to Laura and Tom -- tries her best to instill values she thinks is essential in Laura’s gentleman caller and Tom due to her horrid experience with her husband who â€Å"gave up his job with the telephone company and skippedShow MoreRelatedEssay P rompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter Great Expectations Sister Carrie The Great Gatsby The Sound and Fury Gulliver’s Travels Sula Heart of Darkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the Screw Major Barbara Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf 2004 (Form B): The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in whichRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - John Smith, founder of Jamestown, Virginia; Pocahontas - John Winthrop, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity†: â€Å"†¦ We shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1630-50, pub. 1856) - Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672), The Tenth Muse (1650), the first volume of poems published by a resident of the New World - Edward Taylor (1642-Read Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesBanquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France—1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968), 248. â€Å"Humor is, in fact, a prelude to faith; and laughter is the beginning of prayer. . . . The saintliest men frequently have a humorous glint in their eyes. They retain the capacity to laugh at both themselves and at others. . . . To meet the disappointments and frustrations of life, the irrationalities and contingencies with laughter, is a high form of wisdom.† Reinhold Niebuhr, â€Å"Humour and Faith,†

The Hidden Truth Regarding Outline Example for Research Paper Exposed by an Old Pro

The Hidden Truth Regarding Outline Example for Research Paper Exposed by an Old Pro Ruthless Outline Example for Research Paper Strategies Exploited After you have completed your outline, you've done almost all of the tough work. For a quick paper, of a few thousand words or less, an outline may not be vital. It will be a reminder for you to include all the necessary subtleties in it. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in virtually no time. The Secret to Outline Example for Research Paper In terms of the outline of a research paper, there's nothing complicated here. If you would like to compose a research paper on leadership, you will need to be sure that you get a good outline from which to base all your writing. The research paper outline will help to clarify the topic of the research paper, guide the subject matter to keep on course, and helps to begin the writing of the true research paper. The outlin e of your customized research paper will reflect upon your research so make certain that it provides a reasonable idea about what your paper will discuss. A systematic approach will definitely assist you to think of a brilliant research paper. Regardless of what research paper outline you're considering, you will want to consider how your research is going to be backed up. Try to remember it is an outline of your primary paper therefore it will cover all the essential facets of your paper. For a lengthier paper, it is vital, or you will end up overwhelmed by the sheer quantity of information that you must assimilate, and write down. Therefore it's as essential as you main paper so that you cannot take it for granted. The paper ought to be consistent from the start to the very end. Nevertheless, you should keep in mind that the information readily available in the headings has to be divided reasonably into sub-headings. Additionally, among the important purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the relation between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. Each item in an outline may be broken into additional sub-items. An alphanumeric outline contains a prefix at the start of each topic for a reference aid. The very first thing you ought to do is to produce an outline for your paper. The main issue is to give a crystal clear definiti on. The following could act as the ideal outline to flesh out to create a fantastic instance of a research paper, depending on the topic in the introduction. Outline Example for Research Paper Options Ensure your paper doesn't contain any mistakes and includes a proper writing style. Consult with your outline as you compose each part of your paper, minimizing the stress frequently associated with writing a significant paper. A research paper outline, though, will additionally have a hypothesis or thesis as a portion of the introduction. Employing an outline template can assist the student organize the paper and eliminate the ideas that aren't related to the aim of the essay. The 30-Second Trick for Outline Example for Research Paper Writing an outline is a rather effective method to think through how you are going to organize and present the info in your essay. Crafting a good research essay it is of utmost importance because it performs two significant functions. An outli ne will help to specify the way a student will build other crucial sections including Literature Review. Needless to say, your outline needs to have a topic in addition to your essay (or research paper). Outlining the sections right at the start of writing research paper can help you to keep up an appropriate structure for the whole write up. You should begin with the thesis of the paper, and thus do not begin using subheadings. Making an APA outline is the very first point to do in developing a structure on what's going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. Our research paper outline templates can help you save plenty of time and money. Don't forget that the chief goal of the research paper is to clearly show your abilities to work on your own and demonstrate the scope of your knowledge on several different topics. Research Paper preparation means handling a great deal of information. A research paper on-line template is among the practical tool for writing a research topic. Excellent research paper's examples almost always concentrate on novel suggestions to address which will be of value in the area. Outline Example for Research Paper Ideas Outline could possibly be final or draft. Completing an MLA outline will guarantee your research paper format is accurate.

Petroleum and Shell free essay sample

Abstract Shell Oil is a global company in the oil industry. This long established company has withstood the test of time in this competitive market. Management practices have established the resources necessary to overcome the obstacles of a global company. This detailed analysis of Shell Oil focuses on management in order to provide an understanding of how the company is able to succeed. The organizational analysis provides insight into Shell’s goals, culture, and resources. An example of a specific problem that Shell faced, oil spills in Nigeria, continues off of the company analysis. Nigeria is a major extraction location for shell, but sabotage and oil leaks grew to be a major concern. Shell faced court cases in search of relief in Nigeria, but the majority of the oil leaks were a result of sabotage; therefore, shell was not responsible. However, people believed that it was shell’s responsibility to safeguard the oil lines and prevent sabotage in the first place. Shell funded the cleanup of previous oil spill sites along with a major advertising campaign to avoid a negative impact on its business. Some people still believe that Shell should be taking more responsibility for the oil spill crisis in Nigeria. Shell Company Analysis Oil is a resource that has been in great demand since the production of combustion engines, as well as other industrial machines. Royal Dutch Shell, commonly referred to as Shell, has been a dominant force in the oil industry for over 100 years. Shell management has enabled success and allowed the company to overcome any obstacles. An in-depth analysis of Royal Dutch Shell’s management techniques provides information on how it can conquer the challenges of change. A recent challenge that Shell faced in Nigeria indicates that Shell has the necessary resources to prevail. Shell continues to be a driving force in the oil industry from the business aspect, but just how prosperous is this global company. A man named Marcus Samuel founded an antique business in London. Seashells were among the products that he sold, which is how Shell acquired its name. Marcus grew fond of the oil exportation business during a trip to Japan. Before the invention of the combustion engine, oil was merely used for lighting and lubricating small components. Marcus and his brother Sam transformed the oil transportation industry with their company, Shell Transport. Expanding the business lead to a merger with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907. Royal Dutch Shell rapidly expanded production throughout the world, included places like Russia, Romania, Venezuela, Mexico and the United States. Today, Royal Dutch Shell operates in more than 70 countries. Shell is able to produce 3. 3 million barrels of oil in a single day generating $467. 2 billion dollars revenue annually. Organizational Overview: Shell Corporation has a website that addresses all the publicly known information about the organizational operations in the United States and throughout the global economy. The Shell website does not specify a specific mission statement. According to Mission Statement (2013), â€Å"The mission statement should be a clear and succinct representation of the enterprises purpose for existence. † While Shell. com does not specifically list anything labeled as a mission statement, it does identify a purpose to the organization. The corporate website under Our Purpose (n. d. ) states: The objectives of the Shell group are to engage efficiently, responsibly and profitably in oil, oil products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the world’s growing demand for energy. The planning methodologies utilized by Royal Dutch Shell include: a vision, the mission, the strategy, the goals/tactics, and metrics (â€Å"Strategic Planning,† 2009). The vision leads to the mission. The mission in turn enables the creation of the strategy. Strategy gives a guideline for the goals/tactics and metrics. The vision is to provide for the future energy needs of the people while preserving the environmental health of the planet (Shell. com). The mission, or purpose, is identified and explained in the above paragraph. Shell states that their strategy is innovative and competitive. As recently as 13 January 2013, Shell released its strategy as innovative and competitive to the news and media. Shell CEO directly states, â€Å"Shell is competitive and innovative. We are delivering a strategy that others can’t easily repeat, with unique skills in technology and integration and a worldwide set of opportunities for new investment† (â€Å"Shell Delivering,† 2013). Robbins and Couter (2012) define competitive strategy as, â€Å"an organizational strategy for how an organization will compete in its business (es)† (p. 231) and innovative strategy, â€Å"aren’t necessarily focused on just radical, breakthrough products. They can include applying existing technology to new uses† (p. 238). Shell is not new to using both these strategies to survive the challenges with the very competitive oil market. Arie de Geus (1988) was head of planning for the Royal Dutch/Shell Group companies and employed with corporation for 30 plus years; identifies that out of survival for the Shell Transport and Trading Company in 1907 to compete with the Rockefeller’s Standard Oil it had to join with Royal Dutch Petroleum. This innovative idea of joining the two companies allowed the company the ability to continue to compete competitively and still going strong more than 100 years later. The customers of Shell are those people that purchase or use the products produced or shop the store locations around the world. Shareholders are those that have investments or hold shares in the corporation and either profit or lose from the businesses operations. The competitors to Shell are other major oil companies; this includes companies such as BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, and many more throughout the globe competing for the oil market. Stakeholders are a much broader range of people or groups. All activities of the corporation that influence or affect those in or around it can be considered a stakeholder. The employees, shareholders, and competitors are all affected by the happenings and success of the company. The people and communities that surround where Shell is drilling for oil are also stakeholders due to the effects of the drilling and possible oil spills. Also any company that supplies or deals with is a stakeholder according to their interactions and future depend on the businesses activities. Shell’s website, under the frequently asked questions tab, states, â€Å"Our stakeholders include local and national environmental groups; Fisherman’s Associations; key government agencies; National and Local Government; Unions; Industry Bodies and Academics. We have a large database of over 100 stakeholders who are included in our engagement. † Organization: A formal structure as organized by a chart on cogmap. com (2012) shows that the Royal Dutch Shell Corporation is organized in functional departments as well as geographical departments. The geographical design is necessary because Shell has operational locations throughout the world. McDermott (2001) suggest that when groups have common interests, insight, experiences, and tools tend to form an informal structure out of common interest. McDermott (2001) states: Shell Oil Co. ’s New Orleans operation, which is organized into cross-functional teams, formed them around key disciplines and topics that cross individual teams. Communities of practice have always been part of the informal structure of organizations. They form spontaneously as people seek help, try to solve problems, develop new ideas and approaches. Specific information regarding the decision-making process of the Shell Corporation was not able to be found through their web page, searches in scholarly articles, or be means of searching the Internet. Organization manages change: Considering the Shell business has been around for more than hundred years, it does not seem that they have too much of a problem with making changes to adjust to the needs of the people and the flows of the economy. The main way that the organization has been dealing with change or expecting change is through the use of scenarios. A statement made on Shell. com addresses that: Scenarios consider a range of plausible futures and how these could emerge from the realities of today†¦Our scenarios team considers changes such as in the global economic environment, geopolitics, resource stresses such as water, greenhouse gases, and energy supply and demand to help business leaders make better decisions. † De Geus (1998) backs this statement up with his over 30 years of personal work experience with the company. The initial use of scenarios helped identify that the company was no longer optimizing or highly integrated and new management methods were necessary for the survival of the corporation. Leadership, Motivational Environment, and Communications: No specific leadership style was identified or found on the Shell’s website but an interview with the CEO does describe how he views leaders. Peter Gumbel (2009) writes that Voser states, â€Å"Leaders should have vision and conviction. Leaders should set targets. Leaders should develop people. Leaders should be willing to take risks and be themselves. In a job like mine you must have all these qualities. † He also encourages getting the best out of every team member, foster accountability, and â€Å"empower people and foster localized entrepreneurialism† (Gumbel, 2009). According to Robbins and Couter (2012), â€Å"strong cultures- Organizational cultures in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared† (p. 53). The Shell website defiantly gives off a strong sense of organizational culture. It contains information pertaining to the history of the company, up and coming projects, the company’s stated values and code of conduct, a call help line just for employees and stakeholder to inquire about concerns and possible wrong doings. Gumbel(2012) wrote in his article that when Voser took over as CEO he sent out a, â€Å"memo announcing some important organizational changes and the need for a strong performance culture at Shell. † An article called Balancing stakeholders needs: A Shell case study (n. d. ) addresses the motivational outcome of Shell’s employees: As stakeholders, employees are influenced by Shell but also affect how Shell operates. The employees standard of work and commitment to health and safety and excellence is vital in order to keep Shell as a leader in the energy field. Mistakes can be costly in terms of reputation and the livelihood of other employees. A priority at Shell is to respect people. It seeks to provide its staff with good and safe working conditions and competitive terms of employment. This has a positive influence on employees as it keeps them safe and motivated. Shell utilizes all aspects of communication with its organization. Formal communication is used in regular business actions such as meetings. Their use of informal communication through their web site gives more opportunity for people to assess the company. The website is user friendly for employees, shareholders, stakeholders, and anyone with Internet access. There are numbers for help lines specifically for employees with questions, comments, or concerns; as well as for customers that may need help. â€Å"Ongoing communication and dialogue with all of these groups is essential. In this way it is possible to take account of everyone’s needs and expectations in making decisions for today and the future,† (Balancing Stakeholders Needs, n. d. ). Processes for Control: Shell has control methods established for determining if company goals are being met or not, whether the goals are financial or operational. Shell’s website labels its financial control as Shell Financial: At Shell Finance, we provide a range of professional services, advice and products to Shell companies globally. Our support covers everything from Management and Financial Accounting, Consultancy and Business Controls to Mergers Acquisitions, Insurance and Treasury options (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). Shell. com also identifies its operational control as the Health, Safety, Security, the Environment (HSSE) Social Performance (SP). These controls outline the best possible methods during all the operational processes including health, personal safety, process safety, social performance, transport, etc. Innovative Managerial Practices: Shell corporation is subdivided into three categories: Upstream, Downstream, and Projects and Technologies. While Upstream consists of extracting oil around the globe and Downstream consists of creating finished products, Products and Technologies is able to drive innovation in both Upstream and Downstream operations: Our Projects and Technology organization provides technical services and technology capability in upstream and downstream activities. It manages the delivery of major projects and helps to improve performance across the company. We deliver differentiated technical information technology for Shell and drive research and innovation to create tomorrow’s technology solutions. Projects and Technology also houses Safety Environment and Contracting Procurement, as these are integral to all our activities (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). A Problem: In Nigeria, oil is readily available and Shell takes advantage of this source of income. According to Jolly and Reed (2013), Nigeria accounts for twelve percent of Shell’s source of oil and fuel, Shell’s largest source. However, oil spills have been a reoccurring problem throughout the Niger Delta. According to Sergi (2012), â€Å"Oil pollution has transformed the Niger Delta into one of the dirtiest places on earth,† which is no understatement. Duffield (2010) states that there were more than 7,000 spills between 1970 and 2000. Environmentalists believe spills large and small happen at a rate of 300 every year. † Local activists started to pressure Shell towards reducing oil spills while mediating previous spills following a major leak in 2009. Sergi (2012) declares that Shell claimed that 70% of oil spills were a result of sabotage. Under these circumstances, Shell is not responsible for cleanup. However, Shell managers should be taking the necessary measures to prevent sabotage. Whether the oil leaks are a result of pipes breaking or thieves who open lines and steal oil, Shell has to be held partly responsible. Shell’s Solution: Shells solution consists of two components to oil leaks in Nigeria: remediation, and advertisement. It is important to understand that these solutions did not fix the actual problem of oil leaked throughout the Niger Delta. Shells model of the solution seems to be much different than the activists’ model, which is that very little was fixed. Oil spills still continue and people remain uncompensated for the negligence of Shell’s operations. Following the major oil spills in 2008 and 2009, Shell was forced to initiate cleanup. This is the remediation component of Shell’s solution. Shell’s Upstream branch focuses on the operations of extracting oil, and everything else that pertains. Cleanup of previous sites also falls under this category. Shell. com declares, â€Å"The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited is committed to minimizing oil spills to the environment and to cleaning up all spills in the Niger Delta when they occur, as fast as possible, no matter what their cause (Royal Dutch Shell, 2013). † However, Vidal (2012) reports that very little cleanup has been done despite four years that Shell has been responsible: Shell said it had started pilot cleanup schemes in five affected areas, but claimed it had been refused access to several other polluted sites. It said good progress had been made; adding that the vast majority of oil spilt in the Bodo area was the result of criminal activity including theft, sabotage and illegal oil refining by villagers. The impoverished Ogoni fishing and farming communities say they still cannot return to work and have received no compensation. They have accused Shell of applying different standards to clean-ups in Nigeria compared with the rest of the world. Unfortunately, claiming responsibility and taking little remediation action does not help publicity for Shell. Yes, cleanup is costly and avoiding this financial burden is why Shell remains a financial leader in the oil industry. In May 2010, Shell introduced an international advertising campaign. According to Bush (2010): The effort touts the dawn of a future that will be powered by new and multiple energy sources and cleaner fossil fuels that Shell is unlocking. It also expresses the notion the world will soon be on the road to sustainable mobility and that Shell is ready to help tackle the challenges of the new energy future. Ms. Singer would not disclose the cost of the campaign but said it would keep the companys ad spending in line with 2009. It is important to understand the stakes in the global oil industry during this time. British Petroleum (BP) just received negative public feedback for the significant oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Perhaps Shell wanted to promote the intentions of an environmentally friendly company while BP was under criticism. People around the world would be able to see Shell as the good â€Å"green† company. Attention of consumers would be swayed from the spills in Nigeria while BP was caught by the world for its major oil spill. With reference to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (n. d. ), the price of stocks for Shell can be used as evidence for how successful Shell has been throughout the process. In 2009, stock prices were at a low of $46. 82 per share, the time that Shell admitted responsibility for the two oil spills in Nigeria. Just before the advertisement campaign, stocks showed a slight rise from 2009, at $50. 01 in early 2010. The proof that the advertisement campaign worked is evident immediately after, when stocks rose to $74. 13. Interestingly enough, Shell invested very little into the cleanup of the oil spills in Nigeria, but still managed to promote enough business to grow. Although the current stock price remains approximately $15 less than before the oil spills, Shell has bounced back from the plummet. Shell has been a global dominance in the oil industry since its early form in 1907. Marcus Samuel established Shell Transportation, and with the help of Royal Dutch Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell became a leader in oil production. Strong organizational culture and innovative management help drive the company forward, even through conflicts. Nigeria posed a threat to Shell as it faced an oil spill crisis. Shell asserts that they are not at fault for the majority of oil spills, as thieves sabotage their lines. Nigeria is home to Shell’s biggest extraction of oil, yet Nigeria’s environment suffers drastically. Activists who fought Shell over the devastation won a case in 2009, which dropped stock prices down almost 50%. Shell agreed to claim responsibility and initiate remediation on spill sites, but efforts were limited. During the British Petroleum oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Shell launched a global advertising campaign that promoted sustainability. Despite the lack of cleanup in Nigeria, the world bought into Shell’s green campaign and business rose immediately. Shell may not be the most environmentally responsible company, but business is good.